Preface |
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xi | |
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The Benefit of Asking the Right Questions |
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1 | (14) |
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1 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking to the Rescue |
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2 | (1) |
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The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking Styles |
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3 | (2) |
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An Example of the Panning-for-Gold Approach |
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5 | (2) |
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Panning for Gold: Asking Critical Questions |
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7 | (1) |
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The Myth of the ``Right Answer'' |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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The Efficiency of Asking the Question, ``Who Cares?'' |
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9 | (1) |
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Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking |
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10 | (1) |
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The Satisfaction of Using the Panning-for-Gold Approach |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Effective Communication and Critical Thinking |
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12 | (1) |
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The Importance of Practice |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? |
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15 | (10) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Searching for the Author's or Speaker's Conclusion |
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18 | (1) |
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Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion |
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19 | (2) |
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Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (12) |
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Reasons + Conclusion = Argument |
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26 | (1) |
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Initiating the Questioning Process |
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27 | (2) |
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Words That Identify Reasons |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight |
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31 | (2) |
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Reasons First, Then Conclusions |
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33 | (1) |
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``Fresh'' Reasons and Your Growth |
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33 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? |
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37 | (16) |
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The Confusing Flexibility of Words |
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38 | (1) |
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Locating Key Terms and Phrases |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (2) |
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Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary |
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45 | (2) |
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Ambiguity and Loaded Language |
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47 | (1) |
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Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity |
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48 | (1) |
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Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions? |
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53 | (18) |
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General Guide for Identifying Assumptions |
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55 | (1) |
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Value Conflicts and Assumptions |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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From Values to Value Assumptions |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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The Communicator's Background as a Clue to Value Assumptions |
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61 | (1) |
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Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions |
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61 | (1) |
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More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions |
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62 | (1) |
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Avoiding a Typical Difficulty When Identifying Value Assumptions |
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63 | (1) |
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Finding Value Assumptions on Your Own |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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What Are the Descriptive Assumptions? |
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71 | (12) |
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Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions |
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72 | (2) |
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Clues for Locating Assumptions |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions |
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78 | (1) |
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Assumptions and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? |
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83 | (20) |
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A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning Fallacies |
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85 | (1) |
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Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point |
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85 | (3) |
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Discovering Other Common Reasoning Fallacies |
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88 | (6) |
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94 | (2) |
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Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question |
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96 | (1) |
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Summary of Reasoning Errors |
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97 | (1) |
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Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies |
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98 | (1) |
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Fallacies and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority? |
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103 | (14) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Dangers of Appealing to Personal Experience as Evidence |
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108 | (1) |
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Personal Testimonials as Evidence |
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109 | (1) |
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Appeals to Authority as Evidence |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, Case Examples, and Analogies? |
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117 | (20) |
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117 | (1) |
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Research Studies as Evidence |
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118 | (5) |
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Generalizing from the Research Sample |
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123 | (1) |
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Biased Surveys and Questionnaires |
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124 | (3) |
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Critical Evaluation of a Research-Based Argument |
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127 | (1) |
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Case Examples as Evidence |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (18) |
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When to Look for Rival Causes |
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138 | (1) |
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The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Rival Causes and Scientific Research |
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143 | (2) |
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Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups |
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145 | (1) |
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Confusing Causation with Association |
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146 | (2) |
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Strong Support for a Cause |
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148 | (1) |
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Confusing ``After this'' with ``Because of this'' |
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148 | (2) |
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Explaining Individual Events or Acts |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Evidence and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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Are the Statistics Deceptive? |
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155 | (10) |
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Unknowable and Biased Statistics |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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Concluding One Thing, Proving Another |
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158 | (1) |
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Deceiving by Omitting Information |
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159 | (1) |
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Risk Statistics and Omitted Information |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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What Significant Information Is Omitted? |
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165 | (14) |
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The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information |
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166 | (1) |
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The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning |
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166 | (1) |
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Questions That Identify Omitted Information |
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167 | (5) |
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The Importance of the Negative View |
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172 | (1) |
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Omitted Information That Remains Missing |
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173 | (1) |
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Missing Information and Your Own Writing and Speaking |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? |
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179 | (12) |
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Assumptions and Multiple Conclusions |
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180 | (1) |
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Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple Conclusions |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Searching for Multiple Conclusions |
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183 | (1) |
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Productivity of If-Clauses |
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184 | (1) |
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Alternative Solutions as Conclusions |
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185 | (1) |
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The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative Conclusions |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (12) |
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Question Checklist for Critical Thinking |
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191 | (1) |
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Asking the Right Questions: A Comprehensive Example |
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192 | (2) |
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What Are the Issue and Conclusion? |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? |
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195 | (1) |
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What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions? |
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196 | (1) |
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What Are the Descriptive Assumptions? |
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196 | (1) |
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Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? |
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197 | (1) |
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How Good Is the Evidence? |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Are the Statistics Deceptive? |
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199 | (1) |
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What Significant Information Is Omitted? |
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200 | (1) |
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What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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The Tone of Your Critical Thinking |
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203 | (1) |
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Strategies for Effective Critical Thinking |
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204 | (1) |
Index |
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205 | |