| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Abbreviations used |
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xxi | |
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An introduction to bacterial diseases |
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1 | (45) |
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1 | (1) |
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The normal bacterial flora of humans |
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2 | (14) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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The gastrointestinal tract |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (10) |
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Types of host-bacteria interaction |
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16 | (2) |
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Diseases caused by members of the normal microflora |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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The presence of a foreign body |
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21 | (1) |
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The transfer of bacteria to sites where they are not part of the normal microflora |
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21 | (1) |
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Suppression of the immune system by drugs or radiation |
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22 | (1) |
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Impairment of host defences due to infection by an exogenous pathogen |
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22 | (1) |
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Disruption of the normal microflora by antibiotics |
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23 | (1) |
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Unknown precipitating factor |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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The spectrum of bacterial diseases |
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26 | (10) |
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Infections that are not usually accompanied by tissue invasion and Dissemination |
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28 | (1) |
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Infections confined to mucosal surfaces |
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28 | (3) |
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Infections confined to the skin |
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31 | (2) |
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Infections accompanied by tissue invasion and dissemination |
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33 | (1) |
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Causative organism produces an exotoxin |
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33 | (1) |
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Causative organism does not produce an exotoxin |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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Introduction to the paradigm organisms |
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37 | (3) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (65) |
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46 | (1) |
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Bacterial ultra structure |
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47 | (10) |
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Size, shape and organisation |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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Cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Cell-surface-associated components |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (2) |
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Bacterial protein secretion systems |
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61 | (14) |
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The general secretory pathway |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (2) |
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Terminal branches of the GSP |
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66 | (1) |
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The main terminal branch (type II secretion) |
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67 | (2) |
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The chaperone-usher pathway |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (3) |
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Genetic aspects of bacterial virulence |
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75 | (21) |
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76 | (1) |
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Sensing changes in the environment |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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Gene induction and repression |
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79 | (3) |
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Antigenic and phase variation |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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Slipped-strand mispairing |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (5) |
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101 | (1) |
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Cell biology of the paradigm organisms |
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102 | (4) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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Molecular analysis of bacterial virulence mechanisms |
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111 | (51) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (8) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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Signature-tagged mutagenesis |
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117 | (4) |
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Protein expression approaches |
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121 | (9) |
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Surface and secreted proteins |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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Proteomics in microbiology |
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129 | (1) |
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Subtractive and differential analysis of mRNA |
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130 | (4) |
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In vivo expression technology |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (3) |
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Assessing gene expression using DNA microarrays |
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144 | (2) |
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Eukaryotic molecular methods |
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146 | (11) |
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Yeast two-hybrid screening |
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146 | (1) |
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Description of the technique |
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146 | (2) |
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Use of the two-hybrid system in investigating bacterial virulence factors |
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148 | (1) |
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Transgenesis and the generation of gene knockouts |
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149 | (1) |
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Description of the technique |
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149 | (2) |
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Knockout mice in bacterial virulence research |
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151 | (2) |
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Dominant-negative mutants |
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153 | (1) |
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Description of the technique |
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153 | (2) |
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Use of dominant-negative mutants in the study of bacterial virulence |
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155 | (1) |
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Oligonucleotide-based gene inactivation |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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Communication in infection |
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162 | (76) |
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162 | (2) |
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Eukaryotic cell signalling |
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164 | (45) |
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A brief overview of eukaryotic cell-cell signalling |
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164 | (1) |
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Cell receptors for signal transduction |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (1) |
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Receptors with inherent enzymic activity |
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170 | (2) |
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Receptors linked to a separate cytoplasmic enzyme |
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172 | (1) |
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Intracellular signal transduction |
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172 | (2) |
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The basic building blocks of intracellular signal transduction |
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174 | (8) |
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Signal transduction and selective gene transcription |
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182 | (1) |
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The JAK/STAT pathway of gene activation |
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183 | (1) |
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Gene transcription via the MAP kinase pathways |
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184 | (4) |
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Signal transduction and the cell cytoskeleton |
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188 | (1) |
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Integrins and cell signalling |
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189 | (1) |
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Small GTPases and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton |
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189 | (3) |
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Cyokines: key host signalling molecules |
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192 | (1) |
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A brief history of cytokines |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Biological actions of cytokines |
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195 | (5) |
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200 | (1) |
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Cytokine structure and cytokine receptors |
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201 | (8) |
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Prokaryotic cell signalling |
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209 | (16) |
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Intracellular signalling in prokaryotes |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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Two-component signal transduction |
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211 | (5) |
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Other signal transduction pathways in bacteria |
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216 | (1) |
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Monitoring of the internal environment of the bacterium |
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216 | (1) |
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Cell-cell signalling in bacteria |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (8) |
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224 | (1) |
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Bacterial reception of host signals |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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Signalling in the paradigm organisms |
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229 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (2) |
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The mucosal surface: the front line of antibacterial defence |
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238 | (40) |
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239 | (1) |
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An overview of antibacterial defence |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (5) |
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Epithelial cells and epithelia |
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242 | (4) |
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Mucosal antibacterial defences |
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246 | (14) |
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The mucosal surface as a physical barrier to bacteria |
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246 | (2) |
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Antibacterial chemicals produced by the mucosae |
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248 | (1) |
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Antibacterial biomolecules produced by the mucosae |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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Secretory phospholipase A2 |
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253 | (1) |
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Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (5) |
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Overview of the synthesis of antibacterials by mucosal epithelial cells |
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260 | (1) |
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The mucosal epithelium as a shedding surface |
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260 | (3) |
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The normal microflora as an antibacterial agent |
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263 | (3) |
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Other cell populations in mucosal epithelia |
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266 | (3) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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Intra-epithelial lymphocytes |
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269 | (1) |
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The mucosal epithelium as a watchdog |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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The paradigm organisms and mucosal surfaces |
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272 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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Immune defences against bacteria |
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278 | (75) |
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279 | (1) |
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How would you design an immune system to defend yourself against bacteria? |
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280 | (2) |
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The cell populations involved in immunity to bacteria |
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282 | (12) |
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Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (4) |
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292 | (1) |
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Vascular endothelial cells |
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292 | (2) |
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The soluble effector molecules of inflammation and immunity |
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294 | (4) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Organization of the immune system |
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298 | (5) |
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303 | (18) |
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How do you recognise a pathogen? |
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304 | (1) |
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Pattern recognition receptors |
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304 | (3) |
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Drosophila, Toll, Toll-like receptors and the Ips locus |
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307 | (1) |
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Complement: a recognition and effector system of antibacterial defence |
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308 | (6) |
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Phagocytes and phagocytosis of bacteria |
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314 | (1) |
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Receptors involved in phagocytosis |
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314 | (4) |
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Phagosomes, vesicular transport and generation of the phagolysosome |
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318 | (1) |
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Bacterial killing in the phagolysosome |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (23) |
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Generation of diversity (GOD) |
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323 | (1) |
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Major histocompatibility complex proteins and antigen presentation |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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An introduction to antigen presentation |
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326 | (11) |
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Functions of effector T cell populations |
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337 | (3) |
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CD4 effector mechanisms: Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Generation of Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes |
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341 | (1) |
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Effector functions of Th1 lymphocytes |
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342 | (2) |
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A brief overview of the immune response to bacterial infections |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (1) |
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Immune defences and the paradigm organisms |
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347 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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Bacterial adhesion as a virulence mechanism |
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353 | (52) |
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353 | (2) |
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To what do bacteria adhere? |
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355 | (5) |
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Adhesion to external body surfaces |
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355 | (2) |
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Adhesion to internal surfaces |
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357 | (1) |
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Adhesion under the microscope - to what do bacteria really adhere? |
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358 | (2) |
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Mechanisms involved in bacterial adhesion |
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360 | (13) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Bacterial structures involved in adhesion |
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364 | (1) |
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What bacterial structures are involved in adhesion? |
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364 | (3) |
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What is the nature of the adhesins on the structures involved in adhesion? |
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367 | (3) |
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Host molecules functioning as receptors |
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370 | (3) |
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373 | (2) |
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Consequences of bacterial adhesion |
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375 | (18) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (12) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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Prevention of bacterial adhesion |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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Adhesion of the paradigm organisms |
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395 | (4) |
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395 | (4) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (3) |
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404 | (1) |
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Bacterial invasion as a virulence mechanism |
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405 | (61) |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (32) |
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Invasion of epithelial cells |
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412 | (1) |
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Invasion involving actin rearrangements |
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413 | (19) |
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Invasion involving microtubules |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (2) |
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Invasion of vascular endothelial cells |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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β-Haemolytic streptococci |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (4) |
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441 | (6) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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Effects on the expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil adhesion |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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Synthesis of tissue factor |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (1) |
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Bacterial survival and growth subsequent to invasion |
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447 | (9) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (4) |
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Survival in the cytoplasm of the host cell |
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452 | (3) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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Invasion of host cells by the paradigm organisms |
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456 | (5) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (3) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (3) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (48) |
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466 | (1) |
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Classification of toxins by their activity |
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467 | (1) |
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Type I (membrane-acting) toxins |
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468 | (5) |
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469 | (3) |
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472 | (1) |
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Type II (membrane-damaging) toxins |
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473 | (14) |
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473 | (1) |
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Channel formation involving β-sheet-containing toxins |
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473 | (4) |
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Channel formation involving α-helix-containing toxins |
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477 | (1) |
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`Thiol-activated' cholesterol-binding cytolysins |
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478 | (5) |
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483 | (4) |
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Toxins that damage membranes enzymically |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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Type III (intracellular) toxins |
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487 | (18) |
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489 | (1) |
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The cholera toxin paradigm |
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489 | (3) |
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Same, organization, different function: Shiga toxins are N-glycosidases |
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492 | (4) |
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ADP-ribosylation is a common toxin activity |
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496 | (1) |
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Pertussis toxin, a variant AB5 design |
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496 | (1) |
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ADP-ribosyltransferases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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497 | (1) |
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Binary ADP-ribosylating toxins |
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498 | (1) |
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Other AB toxin activities |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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Type III secretion and toxin 'injection' |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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Type IV secretion and toxin `injection' |
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504 | (1) |
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Toxins as therapeutic agents |
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505 | (2) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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Toxins produced by the paradigm organisms |
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507 | (3) |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (2) |
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513 | (1) |
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Bacterial evasion of host defence mechanisms |
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514 | (69) |
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514 | (2) |
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Evasion of immune defences at mucosal Surfaces |
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516 | (4) |
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516 | (3) |
|
Evasion of antibacterial peptides |
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519 | (1) |
|
Cytokines in antibacterial defence: mechanisms of microbial evasion |
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|
520 | (12) |
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522 | (2) |
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Virokines and viroceptors |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (2) |
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527 | (1) |
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527 | (1) |
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Bacterial evasion of cytokines |
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|
527 | (5) |
|
Evasion of innate immune mechanisms |
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|
532 | (16) |
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|
532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
|
Proteases and complement evasion |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
Interference with complement regulatory proteins |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
Evasion of phagocytic killing |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Evasion of killing by means of type III secretion systems |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
Intracellular parasitism: a novel mechanism to evade phagocytosis |
|
|
540 | (7) |
|
Evasion of antigen processing |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Evasion of acquired immunity |
|
|
548 | (10) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (3) |
|
Superantigens and evasion of T lymphocyte responses |
|
|
554 | (4) |
|
Bacterial control of the cell cycle and apoptosis as evasion mechanisms |
|
|
558 | (17) |
|
Bacterial inhibition of cell cycle progression |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
The eukaryotic cell cycle |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Bacterial proteins with the ability to control cell cycle progression |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
Bacterial control of apoptosis |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
The mechanism of apoptosis |
|
|
564 | (5) |
|
Bacterial control of the apoptotic process |
|
|
569 | (6) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Evasion of host defences by the paradigm organisms |
|
|
575 | (3) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (4) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Bacteria in human health and disease: the future? |
|
|
583 | (32) |
|
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Identification of bacterial virulence genes and virulence mechanisms in vivo |
|
|
585 | (4) |
|
Caenorhabditis elegans and bacterial virulence |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
Study of bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in humans |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Development of new antibacterials |
|
|
589 | (5) |
|
Inhibition of bacterial adhesion |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
New targets from genomics |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Using genomics to identify vaccine candidates |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Genomics to identify the basics of life |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Bacteria and idiopathic diseases |
|
|
595 | (9) |
|
Helicobacter pylori, ulcers and cancer |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Bacteria and heart disease |
|
|
598 | (4) |
|
Other diseases possibly caused by bacteria |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Asthma and the hygiene hypothesis |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Conversations with the normal microflora |
|
|
604 | (7) |
|
Vibrio fischeri and the bobtail squid |
|
|
604 | (3) |
|
The mammalian intestine: another host-microbe interface |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Alterations in intestinal anatomy/renewal in gnotobiotic mice |
|
|
607 | (2) |
|
Alterations in the GALT of gnotobiotic mice |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Alteration in epithelial cell differentiation in gnotobiotic mice |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
Wolbachia pipientis and insect reproduction |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
| Appendix A. Glossary of terms used |
|
615 | (18) |
| Appendix B. Brief descriptions of bacteria frequently mentioned |
|
633 | (6) |
| Index |
|
639 | |
Other versions by this Author