Summary
Prominent experts explain the pharmacology and metabolism of benzodiazepines (LDB) and g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and offer powerful and effective methodologies that will enable better detection of these drugs in various body fluids, as well as in hair. The techniques include highly sensitive immunoassay detection of LDBs, the detection of Rohypnol® and other LDBs by mass spectrometry, and the ultrasensitive detection of GHB. State-of-the-art and highly practical, Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology offers toxicologists, forensic scientists, and clinical chemists today's most effective methods for detecting these widely abused drugs that are sometimes found associated with criminal acts.
Author Biography
Rudolf Brenneisen: Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland Vincent Cirimele: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Strasbourg, France Dennis J. Crouch: Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Mahmoud A. ElSohly: ElSohly Laboratories, Oxford, MS Shixia Feng: ElSohly Laboratories, Oxford, MS Lynn B. Holzhauer: Statistics and Data Management, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ Pascal Kintz: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Strasbourg, France Luen F. Lee: Statistics and Data Management, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ Laureen J. Marinetti: College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University; Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office, Detroit, MI Lionel Raymond: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, University of Miami, FL Salvatore J. Salamone: Research and Development, Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, IN Matthew H. Slawson: Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Tamara N. St. Claire: Research and Development, Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, IN
Table of Contents
| Preface |
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| Contributors |
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xi | |
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Pharmacology of Flunitrazepam and Other Benzodiazepines |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (4) |
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Absorption, Distribution, and Plasma Levels |
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4 | (3) |
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Half-Life vs Duration of Action |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (9) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Chronic Administration and Abuse Liability |
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11 | (1) |
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Pharmacokinetics vs Pharmacodynamics |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (3) |
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Immunoassay Detection of Benzodiazepines |
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17 | (16) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (3) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (6) |
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28 | (1) |
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Manual β-Glucuronidase Treatment |
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28 | (1) |
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Automated β-Glucuronidase Treatment |
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28 | (1) |
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Online with the Hitachi 717 |
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28 | (1) |
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Online with the Cobas Integra 700 |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (4) |
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30 | (3) |
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Analysis of Flunitrazepam and Its Metabolities in Biological Specimens |
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33 | (20) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (13) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (5) |
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49 | (4) |
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Analysis of Selected Low-Dose Benzodiazepines by Mass Spectrometry |
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53 | (24) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (8) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (9) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (6) |
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Identification of Benzodiazepines in Human Hair: A Review |
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77 | (18) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Drug Incorporation into Hair |
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79 | (1) |
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Effects of Cosmetic Treatments |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Decontamination Procedures |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (6) |
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Detection of Flunitrazepam and 7-Amino-Flunitrazepam |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (3) |
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γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Its Analogs, γ-Butyrolactone and 1,4-Butanediol |
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95 | (32) |
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History and Pharmacology of GHB |
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95 | (3) |
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History of Illicit Use of GHB |
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98 | (3) |
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Clinical Use of GHB in Humans |
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101 | (1) |
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History of Illicit Use of GBL and 1,4BD |
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102 | (2) |
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Metabolism of GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD |
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104 | (4) |
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Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD |
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108 | (2) |
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GHB Interpretation Issues and Postmortem Production |
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110 | (5) |
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Analysis for GHB, GBL, and 1,4BD |
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115 | (12) |
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119 | (8) |
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Analysis of Urine Samples in Cases of Alleged Sexual Assault: Case History |
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127 | (18) |
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127 | (1) |
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Receipt of Specimens for Analysis |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (11) |
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142 | (3) |
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143 | (2) |
| Index |
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145 | |
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