Characterization of Polymers

by Tong, Ho-Ming; Kowalczyk, Steven P.; Saraf, Ravi; Chou, Ned J.

Edition: Revised

ISBN13: 9781606500538

ISBN10: 1606500538

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2009-12-01

Publisher(s): Momentum Pr

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Summary

TPlymer are organic, often complex molecular comTPunds used as the building blocks for plastics, elastomers and various types of synthetic engineered materials. TPlymer scientists and chemists are not always familiar with the characterization methods best used for TPlymeric materials. And knowing what characterization technology works best can make a huge difference in getting an accurate understanding of internal and surface microstructure and ultimately desired properties for the myriads of TPlymer applications in use today. Useful case studies help to better illustrate the common types of problems and challenges when characterizing TPlymers.

Preface to the Reissue of the Materials Characterization Series	p. xi
Preface to Series	p. xii
Preface to the Reissue of Characterization of Polymers	p. xiii
Preface	p. xiv
Contributors	p. xviii
Polymer Structures and Synthesis Methods
Introduction	p. 1
Chain Structures in Natural and Synthetic Polymers	p. 1
The Nature of Polymeric Materials	p. 1
The Composition of Polymeric Materials	p. 3
Molecular Weight and Its Distribution	p. 11
Polymer Chain Configurations	p. 12
Polymer Chain Conformations	p. 14
Polymer Solid-State Structure, Morphology, and Transitions	p. 15
Polymer Surface Structure	p. 18
Polymer Synthesis	p. 20
Chain Reaction Polymerization	p. 21
Coordination Polymerization	p. 24
Step Reaction Polymerization	p. 25
Summary	p. 26
Polymer Fabrication Techniques
Introduction	p. 28
Processing Techniques	p. 29
Foam Processing	p. 31
Film-Forming Processes	p. 31
Composites	p. 32
Extrusion	p. 34
Molding	p. 35
Coatings	p. 36
Other Methods	p. 37
Applications	p. 37
Development of Spray-On Insulation for the Thermal Protection System of the External Tank in the Space Shuttle Program	p. 37
Development of Thick, Thin, and Ultrathin Polyimide Films	p. 40
Langmuir-Blodgett (L-B) Films	p. 47
Polymer Composites	p. 49
Molding Processes	p. 55
Fiber Drawing and Surface Modification Processes	p. 56
Chemical Composition of Polymers
Introduction	p. 65
Chemical Composition: Questions to Ask	p. 66
Techniques for Determination of Chemical Composition: What to Use to Ask the Questions	p. 67
Illustrative Examples of Characterization of Chemical Composition of Polymers	p. 72
Stoichiometry	p. 72
Functionality	p. 73
Phase Separation	p. 80
Surface Modification	p. 81
Interfacial Chemical Composition	p. 83
Impurities	p. 83
Summary: New Horizons	p. 86
Characterization of the Morphology of Polymer Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films by Microscopy Techniques
Overview of Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films	p. 92
Introduction to Microscopy Techniques	p. 93
Optical Microscopy	p. 94
Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 98
Low-Voltage High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 100
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 104
Transmission Electron Microscopy	p. 106
Scanning Probe Microscopy	p. 111
New Microscopies	p. 116
Structure and Morphology of Interfaces and Thin Films by Scattering Techniques
Introduction	p. 121
Industrial Applications	p. 122
Adhesion	p. 122
Biomedical Applications	p. 124
Langmuir-Blodgett Films and Other Thin Films	p. 125
Integrated Optics Method	p. 127
Wave-Guiding	p. 127
Nonlinear Optical Method	p. 130
Reflectivity	p. 136
Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering	p. 139
Surface Thermodynamics
Introduction	p. 150
Theory of Wetting, Spreading, and Adhesion	p. 151
Experimental Methods	p. 154
Contact Angles	p. 154
Adsorption and Calorimetry	p. 157
Inverse Gas Chromatography	p. 162
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy	p. 164
Surface Modification of Polymers
Introduction	p. 169
Wet-Chemical Modification of Polymer Surfaces	p. 171
Surface Roughening and Seeding in Placing Operations	p. 171
Surface Treatment for Bondability	p. 173
Surface Treatment Using Adhesion Promoters	p. 175
Surface Modification by Photochemical Methods	p. 177
Dry Modification Techniques	p. 179
Modification by High- and Low-Energy Ion Beams	p. 179
Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces	p. 187
Other Dry Treatment Techniques	p. 191
Summary	p. 192
Adhesion
Introduction	p. 198
Physical Meaning of Adhesion	p. 200
Theoretical Analysis of Adhesion	p. 200
Experimental Measurement of Adhesion	p. 203
Standardization of Test Procedure	p. 205
Locus of Failure	p. 205
Key Adhesion Issues	p. 207
Illustrative Examples	p. 208
Summary	p. 209
Chemistry, Reactivity, and Fracture of Polymer Interfaces
Introduction	p. 215
Polyimide Structure and Properties	p. 218
Polymer-Polymer Interfaces	p. 222
Metal-Polymer Interfaces	p. 224
Polymer-Metal Interfaces	p. 230
Thermal Stress and Interfacial Fracture	p. 234
The Polymer-Polymer Interface
Introduction	p. 244
Techniques for Measuring Diffusion Distances Much Greater Than Molecular Size	p. 247
Techniques for Measuring Concentration Profiles on the Order of Molecular Size	p. 252
Summary	p. 259
Friction and Wear (Tribology)
Introduction	p. 262
Basic Concepts	p. 263
Tribological Applications	p. 264
Mechanisms of Friction and Wear	p. 265
Friction	p. 266
Wear	p. 268
Correlation of Properties with Friction and Wear	p. 269
Energy-to-Rupture and Abrasive Wear	p. 269
Cohesive Energy and Abrasive Wear	p. 271
Ratio of Applied Stress to Failure Strength and Wear	p. 271
Molecular Weight and Wear	p. 271
Crystallinity and Wear	p. 273
Loss Tangent and Friction	p. 273
Closure	p. 274
Measurement of Friction and Wear	p. 274
ASTM Laboratory Tests	p. 276
Designing Laboratory Tests	p. 284
Reporting and Interpretation of Measurements	p. 291
Summary	p. 293
References for Future Study	p. 295
Index	p. 311
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Characterization of Polymers

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