Chemically Modified Electrodes

by Alkire, Richard C.; Kolb, Dieter M.; Lipkowski, Jacek; Ross, Phil N.

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9783527314201

ISBN10: 3527314202

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2009-08-10

Publisher(s): Wiley-VCH

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Summary

With contributions from an international group of expert authors, this book includes the latest trends in tailoring interfacial properties electrochemically. The chapters cover various organic and inorganic compounds, with applications ranging from electrochemistry to nanotechnology and biology. Of interest to physical, surface and electrochemists, materials scientists and physicists.

Author Biography

Richard C. Alkire, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA

Dieter M. Kolb, Department of Electrochemistry, University of Ulm, Germany

Jacek Lipkowski, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Canada

Philip N. Ross, Materials Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA

Preface	p. ix
List of Contributors	p. xi
Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and Other Applications	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
High Surface Area Electrodes	p. 2
Attachment of Nanoparticles onto Electrodes	p. 3
Templating using Membranes	p. 12
Templating using Lyotropic Liquid Crystals	p. 19
Colloidal Templates	p. 22
Catalytic Properties	p. 23
Exploiting Nanoscale Control to Interface Electrodes with Biomolecules	p. 27
Plugging Nanomaterials into Proteins-Nanoparticles	p. 27
Plugging Nanomaterials into Proteins-Carbon Nanotubes	p. 29
Plugging Nanomaterials into Proteins-Molecular Wires	p. 31
Nanostructuring Electrodes to Achieve Intimate Connectivity with Biomolecules	p. 32
Nanostructuring Electrodes using Rigid Molecules	p. 32
The use of Molecular Wires in Electrochemistry such that Long-Distance Electron Transfer can be Exploited for a Variety of Applications	p. 35
Switchable Surfaces	p. 39
Switching Properties of Monolayer Systems	p. 39
Control and Enhancement of Electrochemical Reactions using Magnetic Nanostructures on Electrodes	p. 43
Conclusions	p. 50
References	p. 50
Electrochemically Active Polyelectrolyte-Modified Electrodes	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Chemically Modified Electrodes	p. 58
Redox Hydrogels	p. 59
Redox Polyelectrolyte Monolayers	p. 60
Redox Polymer Brushes and Grafted DNA	p. 61
Layer-by-Layer Polyelectrolyte Multilayers	p. 62
Structure	p. 64
Polyelectrolye Interpenetration	p. 66
Compensation of Polyelectrolyte Charges	p. 66
Film Inner Structure	p. 66
Effect of the Assembly pH	p. 67
Theoretical Description	p. 68
Electrochemical Response	p. 72
Ideal Response	p. 72
Peak Position and Donnan Potential	p. 73
Coupling Between the Acid-Base and Redox Equilibria	p. 78
Peak Width	p. 79
Nonreversible Electrochemistry: Charge Transport	p. 81
Dynamics of Solvent and Ion Exchange	p. 84
Ion Exchange	p. 84
Solvent Exchange	p. 86
Specific Ionic Effects	p. 86
Break-In	p. 88
Molecular Description of Redox Polyelectrolyte-Modified Electrodes	p. 89
Formulation of the Molecular Theory	p. 89
Comparison with Phenomenological Models, Advantages and Limitations	p. 96
Applications	p. 97
Amperometric Enzymatic Electrodes	p. 97
Electrochromic Devices	p. 105
Conclusions	p. 106
References	p. 109
Electrochemistry on Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Surfaces	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 118
Structure and Electronic Properties	p. 118
Chemical Properties	p. 121
Electrochemical Properties	p. 123
Towards the Design of CNT-Modified Electrodes	p. 128
Synthesis of CNTs	p. 128
CNT Purification Methods	p. 129
Chemical and Biochemical Functionalization	p. 130
Covalent Modification	p. 131
Noncovalent Modification	p. 133
Chemical Modification for CNT Sorting	p. 133
Chemical Doping, Intercalation and Artificial Defects	p. 135
CNT Deposition oh Electrode Surfaces	p. 135
Randomly Dispersed CNTs	p. 135
Oriented CNT Electrodes	p. 141
Individual CNT Electrodes	p. 144
CNT-Modified Electrode Pretreatments	p. 146
Electrochemical Applications of CNT Electrodes	p. 147
Biosensors	p. 147
Enzymatic and Redox Protein Biosensors	p. 148
CNT/DNA and Genosensors	p. 151
Immunosensors	p. 156
Electrochemical Actuators	p. 157
Electrochemical Energy-Harvesting Devices	p. 157
Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 160
References	p. 262
Electrochemistry of Electroactive Surface-Immobilized Nanoparticles	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Synthetic Approaches and Characterization	p. 171
Immobilization Schemes	p. 174
Metal Oxides	p. 178
TiO_x	p. 178
MnO_x	p. 180
FeO_x	p. 184
NiO_x and CoO_x	p. 185
Other Metal Oxides and Metal Sulfides	p. 186
Prussian Blue and Its Derivatives	p. 287
Concluding Remarks	p. 192
References	p. 193
Structure, Electrochemistry and Applications of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiols	p. 197
Introduction	p. 297
Structural Aspects of Thiol-Like SAMs	p. 200
Reductive Desorption of SAMs	p. 209
Metal Deposition on SAM-Modified Electrodes	p. 228
General Remarks	p. 218
On-Top Deposition	p. 220
Underpotential Deposition	p. 228
Bulk-Metal Deposition	p. 239
Summary and Outlook	p. 245
References	p. 247
Index	p. 257
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