Doing Justice, Doing Gender : Women in Legal and Criminal Justice Occupations

by Susan Ehrlich Martin

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9781412927208

ISBN10: 141292720X

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2006-11-07

Publisher(s): SAGE Publications, Inc

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Summary

Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Legal and Criminal Justice Occupations is a highly readable, sociologically grounded analysis of women working in traditionally male dominant justice occupations of law, policing, and corrections. This Second Edition represents not only a thorough update of research on women in these fields, but a careful reconsideration of changes in justice organizations and occupations and their impact on women's justice work roles over the past 40 years. New to the Second Edition:Â Â Introduces a wider range of workplace diversity and experiences: An expanded sociological theoretical framework grasps the interplay of gender, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation in understanding workplace identities and inequities. Provides a better understanding of the centrality of gender issues to understanding the legal and criminal justice system in general: This edition further connects women's work experiences to social trends and consequent changes in legal system and in criminal justice agencies. Offers a more international perspective: More material is included on women lawyers, police, and correctional officers in countries outside the U.S. Intended Audience:Â Â This is an excellent supplemental text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses such as Gender & Work; Women and Work; Sociology of Work and Occupations; Women and the Criminal Justice System; and Gender Justice in the departments of Sociology, Criminal Justice, Women's Studies, and Social Work.

Author Biography

Nancy C. Jurik is a sociologist and professor in the School of Justice & Social Inquiry at Arizona State University.

List of Tables	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Introduction: Changes in Criminal Justice, Occupations, and Women in the Workplace	p. 1
The CJS: Mission, Processes, and Workforce	p. 3
Historical Context of Women in Justice Occupations	p. 4
Legal Changes	p. 6
Equal Employment Opportunity Law	p. 6
Sexual Harassment Law	p. 9
Pregnancy and Family Leave	p. 11
Systemic Reforms and Expanded Opportunities for Women	p. 12
Women and Today's Justice Occupations	p. 16
Contents of the Second Edition of This Book	p. 18
A Note on Perspective and Terminology	p. 19
Endnotes	p. 21
Explanations for Gender Inequality in the Workplace	p. 23
Categorical Approaches to Gender Inequality at Work	p. 24
Women and Men as Essentially the Same: Gender Roles and Gender-Neutral Organizations	p. 25
Equality as Sameness	p. 26
Men and Women as Different: Equality as Difference	p. 27
Calls for Radical Economic and Cultural Change	p. 28
Challenging Gender Dichotomies: Gender as Process	p. 29
Our Approach: The Social Construction of Gender in the Workplace	p. 31
Doing Gender: Gender as a Routine Interactional Accomplishment	p. 32
Gender as Structured Interaction	p. 33
Doing Gender in Work Organizations	p. 36
Links Between the Family and the Workplace	p. 37
The Gendered State	p. 39
Gendered Labor Markets	p. 40
Gendered Work Organizations	p. 41
Division of Labor in Work Organizations	p. 41
Culture and Sexuality in Work Organizations	p. 42
Workplace Interactions and Identities	p. 44
Gendered Organizational Logic	p. 48
Summary	p. 49
Endnotes	p. 50
The Nature of Police Work and Women's Entry Into Law Enforcement	p. 51
An Historical Overview: From Matron to Chief	p. 52
Preliminary Phase: 1840-1910	p. 52
The Specialist Phase: 1910-1972	p. 52
From "Policewoman" to Chief: Changes Since 1972	p. 54
Police Crisis of the 1960s	p. 54
The Women's Movement	p. 55
Legal Changes: Legislation and Judicial Interpretation	p. 55
The Impact of Research	p. 56
The Increasing Representation of Women in Police Work	p. 57
The Nature of Policing: Scope of Work and Occupational Culture	p. 61
Nature of the Work	p. 61
The Police Officer's "Working Personality"	p. 61
Occupational Culture	p. 62
Recent Trends in Policing and Their Implications for Women and Persons of Color	p. 63
Community-Oriented Policing	p. 64
Terrorism and Other Disasters	p. 65
Civilianization and Privatization	p. 66
The Police Culture and Men's Opposition to Women Officers	p. 67
The Logic of Sexism and Women's Threat to Police Work	p. 68
Women's Threat to the Public Image and Citizen "Respect"	p. 69
Women's Threat to Group Solidarity and Men's Identity	p. 69
Barriers to Women Officers: Interaction, Ideology, and Images	p. 70
Interactional Dilemmas	p. 71
The Sexualized Workplace	p. 72
The Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation, and Gender	p. 73
Summary	p. 74
Endnotes	p. 75
Women Officers Encountering the Gendered Police Organization	p. 77
Gendered Organizational Logic: Policies and Practices	p. 77
Gender and Selection	p. 77
Gender and Training	p. 78
The Training Academy	p. 78
Field Training and Patrol: Cycles of Success and Failure	p. 80
Gendered Assignment Patterns	p. 81
Performance Evaluations	p. 83
Gendered Organizational Logic and Women's Occupational Mobility	p. 84
Moving Up: Women and Promotion	p. 86
Family-Related Policies and Practices	p. 87
Uniforms and Appearance: Formalizing Gendered Images	p. 88
Doing Gender on the Street: Dilemmas of Police-Citizen Encounters	p. 89
Gender and Police Work	p. 89
Doing Gender in Patrol Work	p. 91
Using Gender	p. 93
Women's Response: Adaptations, Costs, and Survival Strategies	p. 93
Attitudes Toward Police Work and On-the-Job Behavior	p. 94
Police Work, Discrimination, and Stress	p. 96
Turnover: Adapting by Leaving	p. 98
Coping Strategies, Adaptations, and Work Styles	p. 100
Meshing Personal and Occupational Lives	p. 103
Summary	p. 104
Endnotes	p. 105
Women Entering the Legal Profession: Change and Resistance	p. 107
Historical Overview: Barriers to Women in Law Before 1970	p. 108
Changing Laws and Job Queues: Opening Legal Practice to Women	p. 112
Changing Labor Queues and Demographics in the Legal Profession	p. 112
Changes in the Type and Nature of Legal Employment	p. 113
The Changing Legal Environment	p. 114
Women Lawyers Using the New Laws	p. 115
Challenging Discriminatory Practices: Gender Bias Task Forces	p. 117
Lawyers' Jobs, Specialties, and the Division of Legal Labor	p. 118
The Organization and Work Activities of Lawyers	p. 119
Private Law Practice	p. 121
In-House Counsel and Corporate Law	p. 121
Women and Men in Government Work	p. 122
The Judiciary	p. 123
Law School Teaching	p. 124
Gendered Legal Occupational Culture and Barriers to Women	p. 125
Summary	p. 129
Endnotes	p. 130
The Organizational Logic of the Gendered Legal World and Women Lawyers' Response	p. 133
Gender Bias in Law School and Its Impact on the Learning Environment	p. 134
Gender Bias in the Firm, Office, and Agency	p. 137
Partnership and Gender	p. 137
Gender Differences in Income	p. 138
Other Gender Differences in Practice	p. 139
The Impact of Gender Bias on Women Attorneys in Court and Beyond	p. 140
Sexual Harassment	p. 140
Undermining Women Lawyers' Credibility in the Courtroom	p. 143
Men's Perceptions of Gender Bias	p. 144
Organizational Logic and Limiting Opportunity Structures	p. 144
Organizational Logic, Gendered Job Recruitment, and the Hiring Process	p. 146
Gender Barriers to a Judgeship	p. 147
Barriers to Law School Tenure	p. 151
Women's Responses to Gender Bias: Adaptation and Innovation	p. 152
Women's Bar Associations and Gender Bias Task Force	p. 153
Feminist Jurisprudence and Legal Action	p. 153
The Time Crunch: Meshing Work and Family Life	p. 154
Marriage and Children	p. 155
Reshaping the Profession: Work-Family Balance and Quality of Life	p. 157
Summary	p. 158
Endnotes	p. 159
Women in Corrections: Advancement and Resistance	p. 161
History of Women in Corrections: 1860s to 1960s	p. 162
Social Change and Changing Queues for Women COs in the 1970s	p. 164
Socio-Legal Changes and Women COs	p. 164
Inmate Suits and Pressures for Prison Reform	p. 165
Prison Reform Ethos and Changing Labor and Job Queues for Women COs	p. 166
Inmate Rights to Privacy and Equal Work Opportunities	p. 167
Women's Movement Into CO Jobs in Men's Prisons: 1970s to Present	p. 169
Characteristics of Women COs in Men's Prisons	p. 172
CO Jobs as a Resource for Doing Gender	p. 174
The Nature of Work in Corrections	p. 175
CO Work Cultures and Masculinities	p. 176
Sites of Struggle: Gendered Interactions, Gendered Identities	p. 177
Men Inmates and Women COs	p. 178
Men Coworker, Supervisor, and Subordinate Resistance	p. 180
Sexual Harassment and Women COs	p. 181
Resistance From Women Coworkers, Family, and Friends	p. 182
Proponents of Women COs: Alternative Gendered Identities	p. 183
Summary	p. 184
Gendered Organizational Logic and Women CO Response	p. 187
Gendered, Racialized, Sexualized, and Embodied Prison Organizations	p. 188
Racialized Prisons	p. 189
Prisons as Gendered	p. 190
Prisons as Sexualized	p. 190
Sexual Harassment Policies and the Gendered Organization	p. 192
Corrections as Embodied Work and Women as Embodied Workers	p. 193
Promoting Equality in Prison Organizations: A Case Example	p. 195
Social Context and the Shifting Organizational Logic of Corrections	p. 197
Conflicting Correctional Organizational Directives	p. 199
Inadequate Implementation of Human Service and Affirmative Action Reforms	p. 199
Prison Organizational Logic and Women's Careers	p. 200
Preemployment Experience and Training	p. 201
Work Assignments	p. 202
Performance Evaluations and Promotions	p. 203
Women's Performance: Adaptation and Innovation	p. 204
Work-Related Attitudes	p. 205
Job Performance	p. 207
Work Styles: Adaptation and Innovations	p. 207
The Costs: Stress and Turnover	p. 211
Organizational Movements for Change	p. 212
Summary	p. 213
Doing Justice, Doing Gender Today and Tomorrow: Occupations, Organizations, and Change	p. 215
Our Theoretical Approach: A Recap	p. 216
Comparison of Opportunities, Barriers, and Women's Responses	p. 216
Similarities in Women's Opportunities and Barriers	p. 216
Differences in Opportunities, Barriers, and Responses	p. 219
Do Women Make a Difference?	p. 222
Women's Responses to Barriers	p. 223
Gender, Job Perspectives, and Performance in Justice Occupations	p. 224
Women's Collective Responses	p. 226
Women's Contribution and the Future	p. 228
Building Feminist Theory and Policy	p. 230
References	p. 233
List of Cases Cited	p. 257
Index	p. 259
About the Authors	p. 281
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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