| Preface |
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xxi | |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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Three Concerns of Personality Theory |
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1 | (1) |
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Proposed Determinants of Personality |
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2 | (4) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Sociocultural Determinants |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Existential—Humanistic Considerations |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Personality as a Composite of Factors |
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6 | (1) |
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Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist |
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6 | (5) |
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What Is the Relative Importance of the Past, the Present, and the Future? |
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7 | (1) |
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What Motivates Human Behavior? |
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7 | (1) |
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How Important Is the Concept of Self? |
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7 | (1) |
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How Important Are Unconscious Mechanisms? |
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8 | (1) |
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Is Human Behavior Freely Chosen or Is It Determined? |
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8 | (1) |
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What Can Be Learned by Asking People about Themselves? |
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8 | (1) |
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Uniqueness versus Commonality |
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8 | (1) |
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Are People Controlled Internally or Externally? |
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9 | (1) |
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How Are the Mind and Body Related? |
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9 | (1) |
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What Is the Nature of Human Nature? |
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10 | (1) |
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How Consistent Is Human Behavior? |
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10 | (1) |
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How Do We Find the Answers? |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Synthetic Function versus Heuristic Function |
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12 | (1) |
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Principle of Verification |
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13 | (1) |
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Science and Personality Theory |
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13 | (4) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Self-Correction in Science |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (42) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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Early Influences on Freud's Theory |
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24 | (5) |
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Freud's Visit with Charcot |
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24 | (1) |
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Freud's Visit with Bernheim |
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25 | (1) |
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Josef Breuer and the Case of Anna O |
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26 | (1) |
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The Fate of Bertha Pappenheim |
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27 | (1) |
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The Development of Free Association |
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28 | (1) |
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Instincts and Their Characteristics |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Cathexis and Anticathexis |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (5) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Intellectualization (Also Called Isolation of Affect) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Identification with the Aggressor |
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40 | (1) |
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Psychosexual Stages of Development |
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40 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology |
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43 | (2) |
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Tapping the Unconscious Mind |
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45 | (3) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Freud's View of Human Nature |
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49 | (1) |
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Modifications of the Freudian Legend |
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50 | (4) |
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Freud's Revision of His Seduction Theory |
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50 | (3) |
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Correcting Other Freudian Myths |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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63 | (32) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | |
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Jung's Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies |
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64 | (3) |
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Jung's Early Professional Life |
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67 | (1) |
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Jung's Relationship with Freud |
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68 | (3) |
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70 | (1) |
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Libido and the Principles of Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Components of the Personality |
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72 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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Childhood (From Birth to Adolescence) |
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82 | (1) |
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Young Adulthood (From Adolescence to About Age 40) |
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82 | (1) |
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Middle Age (From About Age 40 to the Later Years of Life) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity |
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85 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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Jung's Analysis of Dreams |
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88 | (1) |
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Jung's View of Human Nature |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (31) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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Organ Inferiority and Compensation |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Vaihinger's Philosophy of "As If' |
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101 | (1) |
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Fictional Goals and Lifestyles |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Adler's View of the Unconscious |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Summary of the Differences between Adler and Freud |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (6) |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (27) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Basic Evil, Hostility, and Anxiety |
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129 | (2) |
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Adjustments to Basic Anxiety |
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131 | (2) |
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Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | |
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Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony |
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137 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
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Horney's Explanation of Penis Envy |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Comparison of Horney and Freud |
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146 | (1) |
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Early Childhood Experience |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Prognosis for Personality Change |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (31) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (4) |
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Epigenetic Principle, Crises, Ritualizations, and Ritualisms |
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161 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Ritualizations and Ritualisms |
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162 | (1) |
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Eight Stages of Personality Development |
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163 | (10) |
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Infancy: Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust |
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163 | (2) |
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Early Childhood: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt |
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165 | (1) |
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Preschool Age: Initiative versus Guilt |
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166 | (1) |
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School Age: Industry versus Inferiority |
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166 | (2) |
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Adolescence: Identity versus Role Confusion |
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168 | (2) |
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Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation |
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170 | (1) |
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Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation |
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171 | (1) |
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Old Age: Ego Integrity versus Despair |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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Comparison of Erikson and Freud |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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184 | (33) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Characteristic Behavior and Thought |
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189 | (1) |
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Character, Temperament, and Type |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality |
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190 | (1) |
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Allport's Concept of Trait |
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191 | (3) |
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Interaction of Traits and Situations |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality |
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201 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Study of Expressive Behavior and Values |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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8 Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck |
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217 | (43) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (4) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (4) |
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Cattell's Approach to Research |
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225 | (1) |
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Eysenck's Approach to Research |
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225 | (1) |
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Nomothetic versus Idiographic Techniques |
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226 | (2) |
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Cattell's R- and P-Techniques |
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226 | (1) |
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Eysenck's Nomothetic–Idiographic Compromise |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (8) |
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Cattell's Analysis of Traits |
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228 | (7) |
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Eysenck's Analysis of Traits |
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235 | (1) |
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Historical Roots of Eysenck's Theory |
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236 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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Additional Historical influences |
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237 | (2) |
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Biological Bases of Personality |
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239 | (2) |
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Excitation and Inhibition |
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239 | (1) |
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Cortical and Emotional Arousal |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Cattell: Heredity versus Environment |
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241 | (1) |
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Eysenck: The Biological Argument |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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Cattell's Multiple Influence Approach |
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243 | (1) |
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Eysenck and Heritable Traits |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Contemporary Developments: The Big Five |
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247 | (2) |
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Have the Big Five Displaced Cattell and Eysenck? |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (6) |
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Cattell: Empirical Research |
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250 | (1) |
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Eysenck: Empirical Research |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (32) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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Skinner and Personality Theory |
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263 | (3) |
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Respondent and Operant Behavior |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (5) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Reinforcement Contingencies |
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276 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Behavior Disorders and Behavior Therapy |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (2) |
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Beyond Freedom and Dignity |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
| 10 John Dollard and Neal Miller |
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292 | (34) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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Hull's Theory of Learning |
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296 | (1) |
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Drive, Cue, Response, and Reinforcement |
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297 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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The Gradient of Reinforcement |
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301 | (1) |
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Fear as an Acquired Drive |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (3) |
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Approach-Approach Conflict |
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303 | (1) |
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict |
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304 | (1) |
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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304 | (1) |
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Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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Experiences That Were Never Verbalized |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Neurosis and Symptom Formation |
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313 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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Four Critical Training Situations of Childhood |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (3) |
| 11 Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel |
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326 | (34) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
|
Consistency of Human Behavior |
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329 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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Cognitive Social Person Variables |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (5) |
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News and Entertainment Media as Models |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Motor Reproduction Processes |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (7) |
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Dysfunctional Expectancies and Psychotherapy |
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346 | (3) |
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Social-Cognitive Theory View of Human Nature |
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349 | (3) |
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Freedom versus Determinism |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Chance Encounters and Life Paths |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (3) |
| 12 David M. Buss |
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360 | (43) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
|
Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Psychology Is Not Sociobiology |
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363 | (2) |
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Sociobiology and Perpetuation of the Genes |
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363 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Psychology and Problems of Adaptation |
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363 | (1) |
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What is Selected by Natural Selection? |
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364 | (1) |
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Personality Theory and Human Nature |
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365 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Psychological Theory of Human Nature |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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Sex Differences: Mating Strategies |
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368 | (10) |
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368 | (1) |
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Long-Term Mating Strategies: Women's Preferences |
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369 | (2) |
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Long-Term Mating Strategies: Men's Preferences |
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371 | (2) |
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Long-Term Strategies: Females Attracting Males |
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373 | (1) |
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Long-Term Strategies: Males Attracting Females |
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374 | (1) |
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Short-Term Strategies, Strategic Interference, and Deception |
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375 | (1) |
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Women Seeking Short-Term Mates |
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375 | (1) |
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Men Seeking Short-Term Mates |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (4) |
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Altruism, Inclusive Fitness, and Social Groups |
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382 | (5) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (3) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (5) |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
| 13 George Kelly |
|
403 | (35) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (3) |
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Categorization of Kelly's Theory |
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407 | (1) |
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Basic Postulate—People as Scientists |
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408 | (2) |
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Kelly, Vaihinger, and Adler |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (6) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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Loosened Construction Phase |
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417 | (1) |
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Tightened Construction Phase |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
|
Kelly's Interpretation of Traditional Psychological Concepts |
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418 | (4) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (5) |
|
Role Construct Repertory Test |
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423 | (3) |
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426 | (1) |
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|
427 | (1) |
|
Construct Systems and Paradigms |
|
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (4) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
| 14 Carl Rogers |
|
438 | (31) |
|
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (4) |
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|
443 | (1) |
|
Organismic Valuing Process |
|
|
443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (3) |
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450 | (4) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (2) |
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460 | (4) |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
|
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|
467 | (2) |
| 15 Abraham Maslow |
|
469 | (33) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
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470 | (5) |
|
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
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477 | (4) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Belongingness and Love Needs |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Exceptions in the Hierarchy of Needs |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Desire to Know and Understand |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People |
|
|
483 | (5) |
|
Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Why Self-Actualization Is Not Universal |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Self-Actualization and Gender |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Ashrams—Places for Personal Growth |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
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|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
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|
497 | (2) |
|
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|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (2) |
| 16 Rollo Reese May |
|
502 | (27) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
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|
506 | (1) |
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|
506 | (1) |
|
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|
506 | (1) |
|
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|
507 | (1) |
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|
507 | (1) |
|
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|
507 | (1) |
|
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|
507 | (1) |
|
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|
507 | (1) |
|
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|
508 | (1) |
|
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|
508 | (1) |
|
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|
509 | (2) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Normal and Neurotic Guilt |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
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|
517 | (2) |
|
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|
519 | (2) |
|
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|
521 | (1) |
|
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|
521 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
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|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (3) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (3) |
| 17 A Final Word |
|
529 | (5) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Personality Theories Often Reflect the Biographies of Their Authors |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
Much about Personality Remains Unknown |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Composite of All Major Theories Best Explains Personality |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
| References |
|
534 | (31) |
| Name Index |
|
565 | (8) |
| Subject Index |
|
573 | |
Other versions by this Author