Louis Xiv And The Zenith Of The French Monarchy,9781417906109

Louis Xiv And The Zenith Of The French Monarchy

by
ISBN13: 9781417906109
ISBN10: 1417906103
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-04-30
Publisher(s): Kessinger Pub
List Price: $44.25

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Summary

1895. A study of the Sun King, one of the most powerful rulers in Western history, whose court and reign was riddled with intrigue, passion, jealousy, and political skullduggery. As the author writes in the prologue: The French people during more than two-thirds of his long reign made him into a god and worshipped him, while at the time of the Spanish Succession war a generation had grown up in England which, says Mr. Wyon in his History of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne, regarded Louis XIV as a monster of ambition with a mission from the devil to make slaves and Papists of the whole human race, a perfidious tyrant with whom it was useless to think of entering into a compact, whom it was absolutely necessary to bind with chains of iron.

Table of Contents

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii
LIST OF AUTHORITIES xv
PROLOGUE 1(7)
CHAPTER I. OPENING YEARS OF THE REIGN (1643-1651) 8(37)
Birth-of Louis XIV.-Condition of France upon the death of Richelieu-Arrangements for the government after the death of Louis XIII.-Action of Anne of Austria-Mazarin's difficulties-State of the finances-Victories of Enghien and Turenne-The King's education-The year 1647-Peace between Holland and Spain, January, 1648-French successes in 1648-Beginning of the Fronde movement-The Peace of Westphalia-The parliamentary Fronde-The Treaty of Rueil, April 1, 1649-Arrest of Condé, Conti, and Longueville, January 18, 1650-The new Fronde -Retirement of Mazarin from France.
CHAPTER II. FIRST EXPERIENCES OF WAR AND POLITICS (1651-1662) 45(37)
Louis attains his majority September 7, 1651-Civil war-Return of Mazarin, January, 1652-Turenne joins the royal cause-The Court returns to Paris, October 21, 1652-War in the Provinces-The end of the Fronde, July, 1653-Continuance of the war with Spain-Louis with Turenne's army-Progress of the war-Louis and the Parlement of Paris-The English alliance-French successes-The election of Leopold and the League of the Rhine-The battle of the Dunes-Illness of Louis-Marriage negotiations-The Peace of the Pyrenees-End of the northern war-Louis' marriage with the Infanta-France at the close of Mazarin's administration.
CHAPTER III. LOUIS XIV. RULES (1661-1715) 82(21)
Louis XIV.'s appearance-His faults of character-The influence of Colbert and of Madame de Maintenon-Louis' pride and belief in himself-His devotion to work-The theory of divine right-His determination to rule-The power of the nobility reduced-The Parlement checked and the independence of the provinces practically destroyed-The man with the iron mask-The elements of constitutional life in France-Louis' policy of centralisation suited to the French nation-The aims of the King in 1661-Many of the elements of greatness in Louis' character-What France and Europe owes to his reign.
CHAPTER IV. THE FALL OF FOUQUET AND THE RISE OF COLBERT (1661) 103(28)
The effect of the death of Mazarin-Louis asserts himself-The summer of 1661-Position of Fouquet-His over-confidence-Intrigues against him-Louis' visit to Vaux-Louis at Nantes-The arrest of Fouquet-His trial-The importance of his fall-The rise of Colbert-Order in the finances-Development of the Navy and the Colonies-The French in the East and West Indies-The Commercial Companies-Colbert's encouragement of art and literature-The value of his work.
CHAPTER V. LOUIS' FOREIGN POLICY AND THE END OF THE DEVOLUTION WAR (1662-1668) 131(31)
The general aims of Louis' foreign policy-His anxiety to advance Roman Catholicism-The Spanish Succession question-The Jus Devolutionis-The affair of Créqui-The battle of St. Gothard-Death of Philip IV. of Spain-Louis' negotiations with the Emperor and the German Princes-War between England and Holland-Conference of Breda-Opening of the War of Devolution-The French overrun the Spanish Netherlands-Secret Treaty of Partition between Louis and the Emperor-Conquest of Franche-Comté-Formation of the Triple Alliance-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
CHAPTER VI. THE WAR OF 1672 (1672-1678) 162(34)
Louis intrigues after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle-His determination to crush Holland-Criticism of his policy-Scheme of Leibnitz-Beginning of the Dutch war-French successes-The crossing of the Rhine-Louis' blunders-Cutting of the dykes and flooding of the country-Refusal of Louis' terms by the Dutch-Louis' return to France-Development of the war-Formation of the Coalition of 1673-Reconquest of Franche-Comté by the French-The Empire declares war against France-Sweden attacks Brandenburg-Turenne's campaign of 1674-5-The deaths of Turenne, Condé, and Montecuculi-The Treaty of Zurawna-French successes in 1676-Anti-French feeling in England-Battle of Cassel-The Congress of Nimeguen-The Peace of Nimeguen-Position of Louis in 1679.
CHAPTER VII. THE TAKING OF STRASBURG (1681) 196(19)
The completion of the ceinture de frontiéres-Importance of Alsace to France-The French claims-Louis' resolution to make the Rhine the French boundary on the east-The Chambers of Réunion-French designs against Strasburg-Its defenceless position-The decision of the Parlement of Breisach-The policy of the Great Elector-Relations of Louis with England-The Hungarian war-The conduct of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strasburg-Fall of Strasburg, Sept. 28, 1681-Louis' entry into Strasburg.
CHAPTER VIII. THE TRUCE OF RATISBON (1634) 215(15)
German opinion on the fall of Strasburg-Position of the Emperor within and without Germany-Louis' hopes-The siege of Luxemburg-The siege raised-Growing opposition to Louis' aggressiveness-Charles XI. and Zweibrücken-The Conference of Frankfurt-The Diet of Ratisbon-Invasion of Austria by the Turks-Louis' attitude towards the invasion-French policy with regard to Sweden, Poland, and Turkey-The siege of Vienna-John Sobieski the saviour of Europe-Resumption of the siege of Luxemburg-A general European war imminent-The Truce of Ratisbon.
CHAPTER IX. THE YEAR 1685 230(23)
Louis' object to convert the Truce of Ratisbon into a definitive peace-The Truce a landmark in Louis' reign-Position of France in 1685-Versailles the residence of the King-French relations with Siam-Growth of French influence in Bangkok-Siamese embassies to France-French expeditions to Siam-A Court revolution overthrows French influence in Siam in 1688-Louis' policy to the Huguenots-Increase of persecution, 1660-85-Influence of Louvois and Mme. de Maintenon-Louis' own share in the policy of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes-The Revocation the turning point in the history of the reign-The emigration of the Huguenots-Its effect on France.
CHAPTER X. THE LEAGUE AND THE WAR OF AUGSBURG (1686-1697) 253(33)
Growth of a European opposition to Louis-Formation of the League of Augsburg, July, 1686-Louis' demands-His determination to secure the districts given him for twenty years by the Truce of Ratisbon-The Cologne Archbishoprick-The Palatinate Succession question-Seizure of Philippsburg-Criticism of Louis' action-Revolution of 1688 in England-The German opposition to France is strengthened-Devastation of the Palatinate-Its import and effects-The definite beginning of the war of Augsburg-England's influence thrown against Louis-War between England and France in Ireland, at sea, and in the Spanish Netherlands-The battles of Beachy Head and the Boyne-Ruin of James II.'s cause in Ireland-French defeat at La Hogue-Campaigns in the Netherlands, in Italy, and on the Rhine-Death of Louvois-Defection of the Duke of Savoy-Peace of Ryswick-The Peace only a truce.
CHAPTER XI. VERSAILLES AND THE PROIVNCES (1678-1700) 286(29)
Louis at the height of his glory-Subservience of the Nobles-The French administrative system-Versailles and the monarchy-The daily life at Versailles-Marly, Fontainebleau, and the Grand Trianon-The Duke and Duchess of Maine-Madame de Maintenon; her influence and aims-Her marriage to Louis XIV.-The establishment of Saint-Cyr-The affairs of the regale-The four propositions of 1682-The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes-Religious unity in France-Fénelon and Bossuet-Madame de Guyon and Madame de Maintemon-Banishment of Fénelon-Increase of taxation-Misery in the Provinces-Le Peletier and Pontchartrain-Tenant-right in Picardy, etc.-Popularity of Louis XIV. in the Provinces.
CHAPTER XII. THE SPANISH SUCCESSION QUESTION (1697-1700) 315(17)
Explanation of Louis' willingness to make the Peace of Ryswick-The Spanish Succession question-His intrigues in Spain-The Secret Partition Treaty of 1668-The claims of Louis, of the Emperor, and of the Elector of Bavaria-The first Partition Treaty-Death of the Electoral Prince-The Treaty of Carlowitz-The second Partition Treaty-Its reception in Spain-Louis' motives in making the Partition Treaties-The probable effect of their adoption upon English interests-The last will of Charles II. of Spain-Would the Partition Treaty be carried out?
CHAPTER XIII. THE SPANISH SUCCESSION WAR (1702-1713) 332(52)
Louis' difficult position-His hesitation-Death of Charles II. of Spain leaving the Spanish Empire to the Duke of Anjou-The psychological interest of the problem awaiting solution-The council of November 10th-Louis decides to accept the Will, Nov. 16, 1700-Effect of this decision on England, Holland, and Austria-Accession of Philip V., January, 1701-Condition of Spanish monarchy-Louis' determination to reform Spain from Paris-Louis' mistakes in Europe bring on the Spanish Succession war-His attack on the Dutch barrier-His recognition of the Pretender as King of England-The Grand Alliance-Louis takes charge of the administration of the Spanish government-His direction of Spanish foreign policy-The opening of the war-The strength of England and weakness of France-Louis' ministers-His generals-Villars' brilliant scheme of 1703 - Its failure-The battle of Blenheim-Arrival of Amelot in Spain-His drastic reforms-The disasters of 1706-Barcelona, Turin, and Ramillies-Battle of Almanza, 1707 - The Convention of Milan-Charles XII. in Germany-The battle of Oudenardt, 1708-The winter of 1708-9-Recall of Amelot, 1709-Louis desires peace.
CHAPTER XIV. PEACE (1709-1713) 384(31)
Change of French policy in Spain-Villars wins Malplaquet, 1709-Negotiations at The Hague and at Gertruydenberg-Their failure-The disasters of Almenara and Saragossa-Victories of Brihuega and Villa Viciosa-Philip V.'s objection to any partition of his dominions-The embassies of Blécourt and Bonnac-The change in English policy-Views of Harley and St. John-The battle of Denain-Opening of the Congress of Utrecht-The Renunciations-The Peace of Utrecht-Continuance of the war against the Emperor-Treaties of Rastadt and Baden-France and Spain after the war-Death of the Spanish Queen-Philip's marriage to Elizabeth Farnese and fall of Madame des Ursins-Louis' domestic afflictions-Louis' foreign policy during the war.
CHAPTER XV. THE END (1714-1715) 415
France after the Peace of Utrecht-The new position of Spain-Louis and the Jansenists-Quesnel's Reflexions-The destruction of Port Royal-Clement XI. and the Bull Unigenitus-Review of Louis' blunders-Criticisms of his religious and foreign policy-The advantages and disadvantages of the centralised government of Louis XIV. Diminution of Provincial liberties-His taxation-His latter years-His death.
INDEX 473

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