Prandtl's Essentials of Fluid Mechanics,9780387404370

Prandtl's Essentials of Fluid Mechanics

by ; ; ; ; ;
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780387404370
ISBN10: 0387404376
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-03-22
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

This book is an update and extension of the classic textbook by Ludwig Prandtl, Essentials of Fluid Mechanics . It is based on the 10th German edition with additional material included. Chapters on wing aerodynamics, heat transfer, and layered flows have been revised and extended, and there are new chapters on fluid mechanical instabilities and biomedical fluid mechanics. References to the literature have been kept to a minimum, and the extensive historical citations may be found by referring to previous editions. This book is aimed at science and engineering students who wish to attain an overview of the various branches of fluid mechanics. It will also be useful as a reference for researchers working in the field of fluid mechanics.

Table of Contents

Preface v
1. Introduction
1(16)
2. Properties of Liquids and Gases
17(30)
2.1 Properties of Liquids
17(1)
2.2 State of Stress
18(3)
2.3 Liquid Pressure
21(5)
2.4 Properties of Gases
26(3)
2.5 Gas Pressure
29(3)
2.6 Interaction Between Gas Pressure and Liquid Pressure
32(3)
2.7 Equilibrium in Other Force Fields
35(4)
2.8 Surface Stress (Capillarity)
39(3)
2.9 Problems
42(5)
3. Kinematics of Fluid Flow
47(16)
3.1 Methods of Representation
47(4)
3.2 Acceleration of a Flow
51(1)
3.3 Topology of a Flow
52(7)
3.4 Problems
59(4)
4. Dynamics of Fluid Flow
63(154)
4.1 Dynamics of Inviscid Liquids
63(55)
4.1.1 Continuity and the Bernoulli Equation
63(4)
4.1.2 Consequences of the Bernoulli Equation
67(8)
4.1.3 Pressure Measurement
75(2)
4.1.4 Interfaces and Formation of Vortices
77(3)
4.1.5 Potential Flow
80(13)
4.1.6 Wing Lift and the Magnus Effect
93(2)
4.1.7 Balance of Momentum for Steady Flows
95(8)
4.1.8 Waves on a Free Liquid Surface
103(10)
4.1.9 Problems
113(5)
4.2 Dynamics of Viscous Liquids
118(68)
4.2.1 Viscosity (Inner Friction), the Navier--Stokes Equation
118(4)
4.2.2 Mechanical Similarity, Reynolds Number
122(1)
4.2.3 Laminar Boundary Layers
123(3)
4.2.4 Onset of Turbulence
126(10)
4.2.5 Fully Developed Turbulence
136(8)
4.2.6 Flow Separation and Vortex Formation
144(7)
4.2.7 Secondary Flows
151(2)
4.2.8 Flows with Prevailing Viscosity
153(7)
4.2.9 Flows Through Pipes and Channels
160(5)
4.2.10 Drag of Bodies in Liquids
165(10)
4.2.11 Flows in Non-Newtonian Media
175(5)
4.2.12 Problems
180(6)
4.3 Dynamics of Gases
186(31)
4.3.1 Pressure Propagation, Velocity of Sound
186(4)
4.3.2 Steady Compressible Flows
190(5)
4.3.3 Conservation of Energy
195(1)
4.3.4 Theory of Normal Shock Waves
196(4)
4.3.5 Flows past Corners, Free Jets
200(3)
4.3.6 Flows with Small Perturbations
203(4)
4.3.7 Flows past Airfoils
207(6)
4.3.8 Problems
213(4)
5. Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics
217(48)
5.1 Continuity Equation
217(1)
5.2 Navier-Stokes Equations
218(12)
5.2.1 Laminar Flows
218(7)
5.2.2 Reynolds Equations for Turbulent Flows
225(5)
5.3 Energy Equation
230(6)
5.3.1 Laminar Flows
230(4)
5.3.2 Turbulent Flows
234(2)
5.4 Fundamental Equations as Conservation Laws
236(17)
5.4.1 Hierarchy of Fundamental Equations
236(1)
5.4.2 Navier-Stokes Equations
237(3)
5.4.3 Derived Model Equations
240(7)
5.4.4 Reynolds Equations for Turbulent Flows
247(1)
5.4.5 Multiphase Flows
248(3)
5.4.6 Reactive Flows
251(2)
5.5 Differential Equations of Perturbations
253(5)
5.6 Problems
258(7)
6. Aerodynamics
265(54)
6.1 Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
265(27)
6.1.1 Bird Flight and Technical Imitations
266(2)
6.1.2 Airfoils and Wings
268(8)
6.1.3 Airfoil and Wing Theory
276(14)
6.1.4 Aerodynamic Facilities
290(2)
6.2 Transonic Aerodynamics
292(14)
6.2.1 Swept Wings
294(3)
6.2.2 Shock-Boundary-Layer Interaction
297(7)
6.2.3 Flow Separation
304(2)
6.3 Supersonic Aerodynamics
306(8)
6.3.1 Delta Wings
307(7)
6.4 Problems
314(5)
7. Turbulent Flows
319(38)
7.1 Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows
319(1)
7.2 Onset of Turbulence
320(6)
7.2.1 Linear Stability
321(2)
7.2.2 Nonlinear Stability
323(1)
7.2.3 Nonnormal Stability
324(2)
7.3 Developed Turbulence
326(5)
7.3.1 The Notion of a Mixing Length
326(2)
7.3.2 Turbulent Mixing
328(1)
7.3.3 Energy Relations in Turbulent Flows
329(2)
7.4 Classes of Turbulent Flows
331(17)
7.4.1 Free Turbulence
331(3)
7.4.2 Flow Along a Boundary
334(3)
7.4.3 Rotating and Stratified Flows, Flows with Curvature Effects
337(3)
7.4.4 Turbulence in Tunnels
340(4)
7.4.5 Two-Dimensional Turbulence
344(4)
7.5 New Developments in Turbulence
348(9)
7.5.1 Lagrangian Investigations of Turbulence
353(1)
7.5.2 Field-Theoretic Methods
354(1)
7.5.3 Outlook
354(3)
8. Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities
357(70)
8.1 Fundamentals of Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities
357(10)
8.1.1 Examples of Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities
357(6)
8.1.2 Definition of Stability
363(3)
8.1.3 Local Perturbations
366(1)
8.2 Stratification Instabilities
367(21)
8.2.1 Rayleigh-Bénard Convection
367(12)
8.2.2 Marangoni Convection
379(3)
8.2.3 Diffusion Convection
382(6)
8.3 Hydrodynamic Instabilities
388(7)
8.3.1 Taylor Instability
388(5)
8.3.2 Görtler Instability
393(2)
8.4 Shear-Flow Instabilities
395(32)
8.4.1 Boundary-Layer Flows
396(7)
8.4.2 Tollmien-Schlichting and Cross-Flow Instabilities
403(16)
8.4.3 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
419(3)
8.4.4 Wake Flows
422(5)
9. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
427(26)
9.1 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
427(4)
9.1.1 Free and Forced Convection
427(2)
9.1.2 Heat Conduction and Convection
429(1)
9.1.3 Diffusion and Convection
430(1)
9.2 Free Convection
431(7)
9.2.1 Convection at a Vertical Plate
431(6)
9.2.2 Convection at a Horizontal Cylinder
437(1)
9.3 Forced Convection
438(11)
9.3.1 Pipe Flows
438(4)
9.3.2 Boundary-Layer Flows
442(7)
9.3.3 Bodies in Flows
449(1)
9.4 Heat and Mass Exchange
449(4)
9.4.1 Mass Exchange at the Flat Plate
450(3)
10. Multiphase Flows 453(1)
10.1 Fundamentals of Multiphase Flows
453(50)
10.1.1 Definitions
454(3)
10.1.2 Flow Patterns
457(1)
10.1.3 Flow Pattern Maps
457(3)
10.2 Flow Models
460(1)
10.2.1 The One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model
461(3)
10.2.2 Mixing Models
464(2)
10.2.3 The Drift-Flow Model
466(2)
10.2.4 Bubbles and Drops
468(3)
10.2.5 Spray Flows
471(3)
10.3 Pressure Loss and Volume Fraction in Hydraulic Components
474(1)
10.3.1 Friction Loss in Horizontal Straight Pipes
475(4)
10.3.2 Acceleration Losses
479(4)
10.4 Propagation Velocity of Density Waves and Critical Mass Fluxes
483(1)
10.4.1 Density Waves
483(3)
10.4.2 Critical Mass Fluxes
486(7)
10.4.3 Cavitation
493(4)
10.5 Instabilities in Two-Phase Flows
497(6)
11. Reactive Flows 503(1)
11.1 Fundamentals of Reactive Flows
503(68)
11.1.1 Rate Laws and Reaction Orders
503(1)
11.1.2 Relation Between Forward and Reverse Reactions
504(1)
11.1.3 Elementary Reactions and Reaction Molecularity
505(3)
11.1.4 Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients
508(2)
11.1.5 Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients
510(2)
11.1.6 Characteristics of Reaction Mechanisms
512(5)
11.2 Laminar Reactive Flows
517(1)
11.2.1 Structure of Premixed Flames
517(3)
11.2.2 Flame Velocity of Premixed Flames
520(1)
11.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis
521(2)
11.2.4 Nonpremixed Counterflow Flames
523(2)
11.2.5 Nonpremixed Jet Flames
525(1)
11.2.6 Nonpremixed Flames with Fast Chemistry
526(1)
11.2.7 Exhaust Gas Cleaning with Plasma Sources
527(3)
11.2.8 Flows in Etching Reactors
530(1)
11.2.9 Heterogeneous Catalysis
531(1)
11.3 Turbulent Reactive Flows
532(1)
11.3.1 Overview and Concepts
532(1)
11.3.2 Direct Numerical Simulation
533(2)
11.3.3 Turbulence Models
535(1)
11.3.4 Mean Reaction Rates
536(6)
11.3.5 Eddy-Break-Up Models
542(1)
11.3.6 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)
542(1)
11.3.7 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames
543(11)
11.3.8 Turbulent Prernixed Flames
554(6)
11.4 Hypersonic Flows
560(1)
11.4.1 Physical-Chemical Phenomena in Reentry Flight
560(1)
11.4.2 Chemical Nonequilibrium
561(3)
11.4.3 Thermal Nonequilibrium
564(3)
11.4.4 Surface Reactions on Reentry Vehicles
567(4)
12. Flows in the Atmosphere and in the Ocean 571(1)
12.1 Fundamentals of Flows in the Atmosphere and in the Ocean
571(44)
12.1.1 Introduction
571(1)
12.1.2 Fundamental Equations in Rotating Systems
571(3)
12.1.3 Geostrophic Flow
574(2)
12.1.4 Vorticity
576(3)
12.1.5 Ekman Layer
579(3)
12.1.6 Prandtl Layer
582(2)
12.2 Flows in the Atmosphere
584(1)
12.2.1 Thermal Wind Systems
584(4)
12.2.2 Thermal Convection
588(2)
12.2.3 Gravity Waves
590(2)
12.2.4 Vortices
592(6)
12.2.5 Global Atmospheric Circulation
598(2)
12.3 Flows in the Ocean
600(1)
12.3.1 Wind-Driven Flows
601(2)
12.3.2 Water Waves
603(3)
12.4 Application to Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows
606(1)
12.4.1 Weather Forecast
606(2)
12.4.2 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Prediction
608(4)
12.4.3 Ozone Hole
612(3)
13. Biofluid Mechanics of Blood Circulation 615(1)
13.1 Fundamentals of Biofluid Mechanics
615(40)
13.1.1 Respiratory System
618(2)
13.1.2 Blood Circulation
620(5)
13.1.3 Rheology of the Blood
625(1)
13.2 Flow in the Heart
626(1)
13.2.1 Physiology and Anatomy of the Heart
627(3)
13.2.2 Structure of the Heart
630(4)
13.2.3 Excitation Physiology of the Heart
634(3)
13.2.4 Flow in the Heart
637(5)
13.2.5 Cardiac Valves
642(3)
13.3 Flow in Blood Vessels
645(4)
13.3.1 Unsteady Pipe Flow
649(1)
13.3.2 Unsteady Arterial Flow
650(3)
13.3.3 Arterial Branches
653(2)
14. Thermal Turbomachinery 655(1)
14.1 Fundamentals of Thermal Turbomachinery
655(4)
14.2 Axial Compressor
659(28)
14.2.1 Flow Coefficient, Pressure Coefficient, and Degree of Reaction
659(4)
14.2.2 Method of Design
663(3)
14.2.3 Subsonic Compressor
666(2)
14.2.4 Transonic Compressor
668(4)
14.3 Centrifugal Compressor
672(1)
14.3.1 Flow Physics of the Centrifugal Compressor
672(4)
14.3.2 Flow Coefficient, Pressure Coefficient, and Efficiency
676(2)
14.3.3 Slip Factor
678(1)
14.4 Combustion Chamber
679(1)
14.4.1 Flow with Heat Transfer
679(2)
14.4.2 Geometry of the Combustion Chamber
681(1)
14.5 Turbine
682(1)
14.5.1 Basics
682(1)
14.5.2 Efficiency, Flow Coefficient, Work Coefficient, and Degree of Reaction
683(1)
14.5.3 Impulse and Reaction Stage
684(3)
Selected Bibliography 687(28)
Index 715

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