Second Language Acquisition Processes in the Classroom: Learning Japanese

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2001-01-01
Publisher(s): Routledge
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Summary

This book is the first study to examine how interactional style develops within the walls of a foreign language classroom in the first two years of language study. Results show learners to be highly sensitive to pragmatic information and that learners can move toward an appropriate interactional style through classroom interactive experience. The book shows how learners are most often sources who offer assistance and correction, with errors serving most often to stimulate further thinking about what form is correct. Analysis shows learners to be active in seeking corrective information in the classroom setting, not only from peer partners but also from the teacher. They are active in noticing how the teacher's utterances--even when addressed to others--contrast with their own, and utilize corrective feedback intended for other students. In addition, the results show that teacher-initiated corrective feedback addressed to individual learners is only one source of corrective feedback. Learners are shown to be active in both teacher-fronted and peer interactive settings. In newer L2 teaching methodologies which focus on the use of peer interactive tasks, the teacher's role has been de-emphasized. This book, however, shows how important the teacher's role is. The final chapter examines how the teacher can act to maximize the benefits of peer interactive tasks through how they design tasks and present them to the class. First, the chapter looks at how learners use English--their L1--in the classroom, concluding that how teachers present activities to the class has an impact on the amount of L1 used by students during peer interaction. Following up on this finding, the chapter works to address questions that teachers face in lesson planning and teaching. It presents a useful list of questions teachers can ask when designing peer interactive tasks in order to maximize the effectiveness of a wide variety of language learning tasks.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
From Social Tool to Cognitive Resource: Foreign Language Development as a Process of Dynamic Internalization
1(29)
The Learner and the Social/Interactive Environment
2(3)
SLA as Process
3(1)
Functional Systems and SLA
4(1)
Interactional Routines and Language Acquistion
5(4)
The Role of Interactional Routines in Adult L2 Acquistion Contexts
6(3)
Language Acquisition as Assisted Performance
9(2)
Language Acquisition as a Process of Internalizing Social Interaction
11(7)
The Role of Private Speech in Internalization
12(2)
Definitions of Private Speech
14(3)
Functions of Private Speech
17(1)
Development of Inner Speech
18(3)
Second Language Acquisition: A Sociocognitive Perspective
21(1)
The Data
21(7)
The Language Program and Pedagogical Approach
22(1)
The Learners
23(1)
The Teachers
24(1)
Audio/Video Recording Procedure
25(1)
Transcription of Data
26(1)
Transcription Conventions
26(1)
English Translations of Excerpts and Examples
26(2)
Data Analysis
28(1)
Overview of the Book: A Study of Classroom Language Learning
28(2)
Private Speech: A Window On Classroom Foreign Language Acquisition
30(43)
The Role of Private Speech in Language Acquisition: Previous Research
31(6)
L1 Studies of the Private Speech of Children
31(1)
Studies of the Private Speech of Children Learning a Second Language
32(1)
Studies of the Adult L2 Learner
33(1)
Private Speech and Regulation
34(1)
Studies of Learning Strategies That Relate to L2 Private Speech
34(3)
The Present Study: Private Speech in the Foreign Language Classroom
37(27)
The Data
37(1)
Identifying Private Speech in the Transcripts
37(1)
Results of Analysis: Frequency of Private Speech
38(1)
Types of L2 Private Speech Found in the Data
39(1)
Vicarious Response
39(15)
Repetition
54(7)
Manipulation
61(3)
Classroom Private Speech and the Development of Language Proficiency
64(9)
Private Speech and the Structure of Classroom Events
66(1)
The Role of Oral Rehearsal in Learning
67(1)
Individual Differences in Participation in Private Speech
68(1)
Private Speech and Hypothesis Testing
69(1)
Private Speech as a ``Simulative Mode'' of Functioning
69(1)
Private Speech and Assimilation/Expansion Processes
70(1)
The Active Learner
71(2)
Peer Interactive Tasks and Assisted Performance in Classroom Language Learning
73(55)
The Theoretical Basis of Peer Learning: From the Social to the Individual
73(2)
Research Questions
74(1)
Working Memory and Selective Attention in Learner-Learner Interaction
75(13)
The Demands of Production for Beginning Learners
77(1)
The Active Listener
77(2)
Evidence From the Classroom Corpus
79(9)
Assisted Performance in Action
88(25)
Assistance to a Struggling Peer
88(1)
Waiting
89(2)
Prompting and Co-construction
91(5)
Assistance When a Peer makes a Linguistic Error
96(4)
Asking for One's Partner
100(2)
Explaining
102(2)
Other Means of Support
104(1)
Overhearing as a Resource for Learner Performance
104(2)
Language Play: Another Source of Support
106(7)
Do Learners Pick up Each Other's Errors?
113(11)
Conclusion
124(4)
A Learner-Centered Analysis of Corrective Feedback As a Resource in Foreign Language Development
128(51)
Corrective Feedback in the L2 Classroom
134(1)
Definitions and Methodology of Analysis
135(4)
Defining ``Corrective Feedback''
135(1)
Considering Audience Design
136(2)
Classifying Corrective Feedback
138(1)
The Consequences of Corrective Feedback
138(1)
Results
139(36)
Corrective Feedback in L2 Classrooms
139(1)
Types of Corrective Feedback
140(3)
Recasts
143(2)
Recasts and Their Use
145(7)
Incidental Recasts
152(1)
Incidental Recasts in the Teacher-Fronted Setting
153(7)
Private Speech and Incidental Recasts
160(5)
Incidental Recasts in the Peer Learning Context
165(7)
Noticing Corrective Feedback Addressed to Others
172(1)
Self-Correction
173(2)
Summary and Discussion
175(4)
Corrective Feedback-Is It Effective?
177(2)
The Development of Interactional Style in The First-Year Classroom: Learning To Listen in Japanese
179(53)
Being a ``Good Listener'' in Japanese
181(5)
What Is ne and Why Is It Critical in Spoken Japanese?
186(1)
Analysis of Listener Responses in the First-Year Classrooms
187(41)
Listener Responses and the Interactional Routines of the Classroom
187(1)
The IRF Routine
188(1)
Teacher Use of Listener Responses
189(5)
Teacher Guidance in the Use of Listener Responses
194(3)
Student Development in the Use of Listener Responses
197(1)
The Four Learners
198(1)
Rob and Kuo-ming
199(4)
Using Aa soo desu ka
203(1)
Development of Kuo-ming and Rob's Use of ne
204(8)
Candace and Sara
212(1)
Using Aa soo desu ka
213(1)
Using ne in Listener Responses
213(12)
Candace and Sara? Rob and Kuo-ming? Who Is Typical?
225(3)
From Acknowledgement to Alignment: Proposing a Development Sequence
228(4)
From Task to Activity: Relating Task Design and Implementation to Language Use in Peer Interaction
232(40)
Learner Use of English: The Relationship Between Task Design, Task Implementation, and Individual Differences
235(14)
Measures of English Language Use
237(3)
Understanding the Numbers: English Use in Peer Interaction
240(2)
Individual Differences in L1 Use
242(7)
Task Type, Pre-task Instruction, and Quality of L2 Use
249(19)
Task Design
252(9)
Implementation of Tasks
261(4)
Considering Available Support
265(2)
Post-task Follow-Up
267(1)
Conclusion
268(4)
REFERENCES 272(10)
APPENDIX 282(3)
Transcription Conventions
282(1)
Abbreviations Used to Gloss Japanese
283(2)
Author Index 285(4)
Subject Index 289

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