Simultaneous Localization and Mapping : Exactly Sparse Information Filters

by ; ;
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2011-06-26
Publisher(s): World Scientific Pub Co Inc
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Summary

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a process where an autonomous vehicle builds a map of an unknown environment while concurrently generating an estimate for its location. This book is concerned with computationally efficient solutions to the large scale SLAM problems using exactly sparse Extended Information Filters (EIF).The invaluable book also provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the properties of the information matrix in EIF-based algorithms for SLAM. Three exactly sparse information filters for SLAM are described in detail, together with two efficient and exact methods for recovering the state vector and the covariance matrix. Proposed algorithms are extensively evaluated both in simulation and through experiments.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. v
Acknowledgmentsp. vii
Introductionp. 1
The SLAM Problem and Its Applicationsp. 2
Description of the SLAM Problemp. 2
Applications of SLAMp. 3
Summary of SLAM Approachesp. 4
EKF/EIF based SLAM Approachesp. 5
Other SLAM Approachesp. 8
Key Properties of SLAMp. 12
Observabilityp. 12
EKF SLAM Convergencep. 19
EKF SLAM Consistencyp. 34
Motivationp. 41
Book Overviewp. 43
Sparse Information Filters in SLAMp. 47
Information Matrix in the Full SLAM Formulationp. 47
Information Matrix in the Conventional EIF SLAM Formulationp. 52
Meaning of Zero Off-diagonal Elements in Information Matrixp. 54
Conditions for Achieving Exact Sparsenessp. 57
Strategies for Achieving Exact Sparsenessp. 59
Decoupling Localization and Mappingp. 59
Using Local Submapsp. 60
Combining Decoupling and Submapsp. 60
Important Practical Issues in EIF SLAMp. 61
Summaryp. 62
Decoupling Localization and Mappingp. 63
The D-SLAM Algorithmp. 64
Extracting Map Information from Observationsp. 64
Key Idea of D-SLAMp. 69
Mappingp. 69
Localizationp. 71
Structure of the Information Matrix in D-SLAMp. 77
Efficient State and Covariance Recoverp. 78
Recovery Using the Preconditioned Conjugated Gradient (PCG) Methodp. 80
Recovery Using Complete Cholesky Factorizationp. 82
Implementation Issuesp. 84
Admissible Measurementsp. 84
Data Associationp. 86
Computer Simulationsp. 88
Experimental Evaluationp. 95
Experiment in a Small Environmentp. 95
Experiment Using the Victoria Park Datasetp. 95
Computational Complexityp. 99
Storagep. 102
Localizationp. 102
Mapping
State and Covariance Recoveryp. 103
Consistency of D-SLAMp. 107
Bibliographical Remarksp. 108
Summaryp. 111
D-SLAM Local Map Joining Filterp. 113
Structure of D-SLAM Local Map Joining Filterp. 114
State Vectorsp. 115
Relative Information Relating Feature Locationsp. 116
Combining Local Maps Using Relative Informationp. 116
Obtaining Relative Location Information in Local Maps
Generating a Local Mapp. 117
Obtaining Relative Location Information in the Local Mapp. 118
Global Map Updatep. 122
Measurement Modelp. 122
Updating the Global Mapp. 122
Sparse Information Matrixp. 124
Implementation Issuesp. 125
Robot Localizationp. 125
Data Associationp. 126
State and Covariance Recoveryp. 127
When to Start a New Local Mapp. 128
Computational Complexityp. 128
Storagep. 128
Local Map Constructionp. 129
Global Map Updatep. 129
Rescheduling the Computational Effortp. 130
Computer Simulationsp. 130
Simulation in a Small Areap. 130
Simulation in a Large Areap. 134
Experimental Evaluationp. 140
Bibliographical Remarksp. 147
Summaryp. 149
Sparse Local Submap Joining Filterp. 151
Structure of Sparse Local Submap Joining Filterp. 152
Input to SLSJF - Local Mapsp. 153
Output of SLSJF - One Global Mapp. 154
Fusing Local Maps into the Global Mapp. 155
Adding X(K+1)sG into the Global Mapp. 155
Initializing the Values of New Features and (K+1)eG in the Global Mapp. 156
Updating the Global Mapp. 157
Sparse Information Matrixp. 158
Implementation Issuesp. 159
Data Associationp. 160
State and Covariance Recoveryp. 162
Computer Simulationsp. 162
Experimental Evaluationp. 169
Discussionp. l69
Computational Complexityp. 169
Zero Information Lossp. 173
Tradeoffs in Achieving Exactly Sparse Representationp. 174
Summaryp. 175
Proofs of EKF SLAM Convergence and Consistencyp. 177
Matrix Inversion Lemmap. 177
Proofs of EKF SLAM Convergencep. 178
Proofs of EKF SLAM Consistencyp. 181
Incremental Method for Cholesky Factorization of SLAM Information Matrixp. 185
Cholesky Factorizationp. 185
Approximate Cholesky Factorizationp. 186
Bibliographyp. 189
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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