Edited by the authors of World in the Making and designed specifically to complement the text, this two-volume sourcebook includes more than 100 sources that give voice to both notable figures and everyday individuals. Every chapter includes an introduction and approximately six sources representing both major works and fresh perspectives. The "Contrasting Views" feature presents sources with divergent perspectives to foster comparative analysis.

Bonnie G. Smith is Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of History Emerita at Rutgers University.

Marc Van De Mieroop is Professor of History at Columbia University.

Richard von Glahn is Professor of History at University of California, Los Angeles.

Kris Lane is the France Vinton Scholes Chair in Colonial Latin American History at Tulane University.

Contents
Preface
Introduction for Students

Part 1: Peopling the World, to 4000 B.C.E.

Chapter 1: The Ancient World, from Human Origins to 500 C.E.
1.1 | Theories of Human Evolution
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871)
Rick Groleau, Tracing Ancestry with MtDNA (2002)
1.2 | Finding Fossils
Donald C. Johanson and Maitland A. Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (1981)
Jamie Shreeve, Oldest Skeleton of Human Ancestor Found (2009)
1.3 | Interpreting Paleolithic Art
Georges Bataille, A Meeting in Lascaux: Civilized Man Rediscovers the Man of Desire (1953)
1.4 | Ethnography as a Source of Historical Research
Albert F. Calvert, The Aborigines of Western Australia (1894)

Chapter 2: Temples and Palaces: Birth of the City, 5000-1200 B.C.E.
2.1 | The King Guarantees Justice in the Land
Hammurabi of Babylon, The Law Code of Hammurabi (c. 1755 B.C.E.)
2.2 | The Importance of Scribes in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Advice to Egyptian Scribes (Thirteenth to Twelfth Centuries B.C.E.)
Dialogue between a Mesopotamian Schoolboy and an Adult (Eighteenth Century B.C.E.)
2.3 | Marriage as Earliest International Diplomacy
Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon, The King of Babylonia Complains He Cannot Get an Egyptian Princess as Wife (1350 B.C.E.)
Puduhepa of Hatti, The Queen of the Hittites Explains Why Her Daughter Has Not Yet Gone to Egypt (c. 1260 B.C.E.)
2.4 | The Egyptian Concern with Death
Unas Pyramid Texts (c. 2345 B.C.E.)
CONTRASTING VIEWS
Can Humans Attain Immortality?
2.5 | The Epic of Gilgamesh (Eighteenth or Seventeenth Century b.c.e.) and The Epic of Gilgamesh (Seventh Century B.C.E.)
2.6 | Sargon of Assyria, The King Boasts of His Building a New Capital City (c. 710 B.C.E.)

Chapter 3: Settlers and Migrants: The Creation of States in Asia, 5000-500 B.C.E.
3.1 | Undeciphered Writing
Indus Valley Clay Tablet (2600-1900 B.C.E.)
3.2 | Sacred Knowledge
Hymns from The Rig Veda (1500-900 B.C.E.)
3.3 | A Vedic View on the Role of Women
The Laws of Manu (c. 100 B.C.E.-200 C.E.)
3.4 | The Earliest Evidence of Chinese Writing
Oracle Bones (c. 1200-1050 B.C.E.)
3.5 | Life in Early China
The Book of Songs (c. 1027-771 B.C.E.)

Chapter 4: Empire and Resistance in the Mediterranean 1550-330 B.C.E.
4.1 | Life in the Egyptian Empire
Soldier Ahmose, A Military Career in Egypt's New Kingdom (c. 1550 B.C.E.)
4.2 | Foreign Conquerers in Egypt
King Piye, The Nubian Conquest of Egypt (727 B.C.E.)
4.3 | Assyrians Predict the Future by Reading the Signs of the Gods
Mesopotamian Omens (c. 650 B.C.E.)
4.4 | The Persians Honor the God Ahuramazda
Zoroaster, Gathas (date unknown)
4.5 | Description of a Farmer's Life
Hessiod, Works and Days (c. 700 B.C.E.)
CONTRASTING VIEWS
Is Democracy Good or Bad?
4.6 | Thucydides, The Peloponnesian Wars (431 B.C.E.)
4.7 | Plato, The Republic (c. 380 B.C.E.)

Chapter 5: Peoples and World Empires of Eurasia: 500 B.C.E - 500 C.E.
CONTRASTING VIEWS
The Concept of Dharma in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism
5.1 | The Bhagavad Gita (c. 300 B.C.E.-300 C.E.)
5.2 | King Ashoka, Inscriptions (c. 260 B.C.E.)
5.3 | Mahavira Vardhamana (attrib.), The Book of Good Conduct (c. 540 B.C.E.-500 C.E.)
5.4 | The Power of Love
Kalidasa, Shakuntala (c. 450 C.E.)
5.5 | Advice on Proper Behavior
Confucius, Analects (c. 479-100 B.C.E.)
5.6 | Government Monopolies
Huan Kuan, The Debate on Salt and Iron (81 B.C.E.)
5.7 | What Law to Obey: Human or Divine?
Sophocles, Antigone (c. 441 B.C.E.)

Chapter 6: The Unification of Western Eurasia, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
6.1 | The Decline of Roman Moral Values
Livy, Roman Women Protest Against the Oppian Law (195 B.C.E.)
6.2 | A Glorification of Emperor Augustus
Virgil, The Aeneid (19 B.C.E.)
6.3 | Merging Biblical and Roman Ideas
Augustine, City of God (413-426 C.E.)
6.4 | Rome Meets the East
The Story of Queen Zenobia (c. 395 C.E.)
6.5 | Religious Debates in the Early Centuries C.E.
Mani, The Three Great Founders (c. 250 C.E.)
Hegemonius, The Deeds of Archelaos (c. 350 C.E.)

Chapter 7: Reading the Unwritten Record: Peoples of Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific Islands, 3000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
7.1 | An Early Ethnographic Description of Sub-Saharan Africa
Ibn Battuta, Travels (1353-1355 C.E.)
7.2 | Weaving as Visual Expression
The Paracas Mantle (c. 100-300 C.E.)
7.3 | Tales of Andean Origins
Huarochiri Manuscript (c. 1600 C.E.)
7.4 | Women and Writing in Ancient China
Ban Zhao, Lessons for Women (c. 100 C.E.)
7.5 | The Power of Writing
Horace, Odes (23 B.C.E.)
Anonymous, A Eulogy to Dead Authors (c. 1200 B.C.E.)

Part 2: Crossroads and Cultures, 500 -1450 C.E.

Chapter 8: The Worlds of Christianity and Islam, 400-1000
8.1 | The Making of a Christian Saint
Dado, The Life of Saint Eligius (609-686)
8.2 | The Pastoral Mission
Pope Gregory the Great, Letters (591-597?)
8.3 | Tyrannical Rule of Justinian and Theodora
Procopius, The Secret History (c. 550-c. 560)
CONTRASTING VIEWS
The Debate over Divine Images in Byzantine Christianity
8.4 | John of Damascus, From On Holy Images (c. 730)
8.5 | The Council of 754 Condemns Icons
8.6 | John of Jerusalem on the Origins of the Iconoclasm Movement (787)
8.7 | Muhammad Begins His Public Preaching
Muhammad ibn Ishaq, The Life of the Messenger of God (Eighth Century)
8.8 | The Caliph Relieves an Honorable Jurist of His Debts
al-Muhassin, The Table-Talk of a Mesopotamian Judge (Tenth Century)

Chapter 9: Religion and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Asia, 400-1000
9.1 | Travels of the Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang in Sogdia and Afghanistan
Huili, The Life of Xuanzang (688)
9.2 | Ibn Fadlan's Travels Among the Turks and Khazars
Ibn Fadlan, Journey to Russia (921-922)
9.3 | Instructions for My Sons
Yan Zhitui, Family Instructions of the Yan Clan (589)
CONTRASING VIEWS
The Reception of Buddhism in East Asia
9.4 | Yan Zhitui, A Confucian Scholar's Dedication to Buddhism (589)
9.5 | Han Yu, Memorial on the Bone of the Buddha (819)
9.6 | The Chronicle of Japan (Nihongi) (720)
9.7 | Conduct of the Well-Bred Townsman
Vatsyayana, Kama Sutra (c. 400)
9.8 | Scenes from Eighth-Century Java
Borobodur Monument, Central Java (c. 760-820)

Chapter 10: Societies and Networks in the Americas and the Pacific, 300-1200
10.1 | A Maya Sculpted Tablet
Inscription of the Temple of the Tree of Yellow Corn (690)
10.2 | Origins of the Human Race in Maya Mythology
Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya (c. mid-1500s)
10.3 | Peoples and Customs of the Lake Titicaca Region
Pedro de Cieza de León, Crónica del Peru (1553?)
10.4 | Zuni Oral Traditions on the Origins and Dispersal of the Clans
Frank Hamilton Cushing, The Mythic World of the Zuni (1891-1892)
10.5 | Images of Divine Power
Hawaiian Gods of Agriculture and War (Late Eighteenth-Early Nineteenth Century)

Chapter 11: The Rise of Commerce in Eurasia and Afro-Eurasia, 900-1300
11.1 | Guidelines for Estate Managemen
[Robert Grosseteste], The Rules (c. 1240)
11.2 | The Market Inspector at Seville
Ibn Abdun, The Markets of Seville (c. 1100)
11.3 | Splendors of Hangzhou
A Memoir of the Splendors of the Capital (c. 1235)
11.4 | Angkor and Java: Lands Across the Sea
Zhao Rugua, A Gazetteer of Lands Across the Sea (1225)
11.5 | Business Partnerships in Florence
Gregorio Dati, Diary (1375-1406)

Chapter 12: Centers of Learning and the Transmission of Culture, 900-1300
12.1 | A Controversial Christian Theologian
Peter Abelard, The Story of My Misfortunes (c. 1132)
12.2 | Spiritual Quest of a Female Mystic
The Book of Margery Kempe (c. 1436-1438)
12.3 | The Education of Ibn Sina
Ibn al-Qifti, The Life of Ibn Sina, from The History of Learned Men (c. 1227?)
CONTRASTING VIEWS
Reason Versus Revelation in Islamic Learning
12.4 | Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, Deliverance from Error (c. 1110)
12.5 | Ibn Rushd, On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy (c. 1190)
12.6 | Sharafuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri, Letters (1346-1347?)
12.7 | Fate and Fortune in China's Civil Service Examinations
Hong Mai, Tales of the Listener (1160-1180)
12.8 | Court Life in Japan from a Woman's Perspective
Sei Sho¯nagon, The Pillow Book (c. 1002)

Chapter 13: Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian Integration, 1050-1350
13.1 | The Great Schism in the Christian Church
Reciprocal Excommunications (1054)
13.2 | The Crusaders in Captivity
John of Joinville, The Life of Saint Louis (1309)
13.3 | The Christian Conquest of Valencia
The Chronicle of Jaime I of Aragon (1238) and the Charter Issued by Jaime I (1242)
CONTRASTING VIEWS
European and Muslim Depictions of the Mongol Khans
13.4 | Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror (c. 1252-1260)
13.5 | William of Rubruck, The Journey of Friar William of Rubruck (c. 1255)
13.6 | Marco Polo, The Description of the World (c. 1307)
13.7 | Mongol Rule in Russia
Medieval Russian Chronicles (c. 1257-1409)

Chapter 14: Collapse and Revival in Afro-Eurasia, 1300-1450
14.1 | The Plague in Florence and Its Economic Effects
Marchionne di Coppo Buonaiuti, Florentine Chronicle (c. 1370-1380)
14.2 | The English Peasant Revolt
Jean Froissart, Chronicles of England, France, Spain, and the Adjoining Countries (1400)
14.3 | The Ming Emperor's Rules for Village Government
Emperor Hongwu, The Placard of the People's Instructions (1398)
14.4 | Religious Allegory in Persian Manuscript Illuminations
Prince Humay Meets the Lady Humayun in Her Garden by Moonlight (Early Fifteenth Century)
14.5 | The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks
Nestor-Iskander, Tale of the Capture of Constantinople (c. 1500)
14.6 | The Sultan of Mali
Ibn Battuta, Rihla (1356)
14.7 | Glorious Venice
Marin Sanudo, In Praise of the City of Venice (1493)

Part 3: The Early Modern World, 1450-1750

Chapter 15: Empires and Alternatives in the Americas, 1430-1530
15.1 | Aztec Sacrifice
Florentine Codex (c. 1540-1560)
15.2 | Aztec Child Rearing
Codex Mendoza (c. 1540)
15.3 | The Inca Huayna Capac's Final Days
Juan de Betanzos, Narrative of the Incas (1557?)
15.4 | Andean Religion
Huarochirí Manuscript (c. 1600)
15.5 | Jesuit Views on Huron Society
Jesuit Relations (1632-1637)

Credits