Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
Introduction |
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xiii | |
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Part One: Jewish Survivors' Testimonies |
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Jews Who Left Germany Before Kristallnacht |
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3 | (23) |
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William Benson, Leipzig, ``Never to forget, never to forgive.'' |
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Margarete Leib, Karlsruhe, ``They strangled my father with a packaging cord.'' |
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Henry Singer, Berlin, ``Anti-Semitism was there before Hitler.'' |
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Karl Meyer, Cologne, ``In Cologne they never had this anti-Semitism.'' |
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Jews Who Left Germany After Kristallnacht |
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26 | (33) |
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Armin Hertz, Berlin, ``My toes were frozen . . . all of them fell off.'' |
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Josef Stone, Frankfurt, ``All the people started yelling at us.'' |
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Elise and Hermann Gottfried, Berlin, ``They were all detectives in civilian clothing.'' |
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Rebecca Weisner, Berlin, ``Every few weeks they rounded up people and shot them.'' |
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Joseph Weinberg, Stuttgart, ``We did not feel the anti-Semitism.'' |
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Jews Who Were Deported from Germany During the War |
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59 | (61) |
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Max Liffmann, Mannheim, 1940 to Gurs, ``Fear was not something I knew.'' |
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Herta Rosenthal, Leipzig, 1942 to Riga, ``All the Jews were leaving, and they [the Germans] were happy, a lot of them. They were standing there laughing.'' |
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Ernst Levin, Breslau, 1943 to Auschwitz, ``They say `we didn't know about it.' Bullshit!'' |
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Ruth Mendel, Frankfurt, 1943 to Auschwitz, ``I wouldn't be alive if not for my mother.'' |
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Helmut Grunewald, Cologne, 1943 to Auschwitz, ``I know that I'll be sent to Auschwitz and be gassed anyway.'' |
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Herbert Klein, Nuremberg, 1943 to Theresienstadt, ``We were the last ones deported in 1943.'' |
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Werner Holz, Krefeld, 1943 to Theresienstadt, ``I was blond, blond.'' |
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Hannelore Mahler, Krefeld, 1944 to Theresienstadt, ``We didn't want to believe it because we could have been next.'' |
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Jews Who Went into Hiding |
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120 | (21) |
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Hse Landau, Berlin, ``I had been caught and sent to Auschwitz . . . I jumped out of the train!'' |
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Lore Schwartz, Berlin, ``In any case, I came out of the war a virgin.'' |
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Rosa Hirsch, Magdeburg, ``There were some people who tried to help. But they were such a minority.'' |
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Part Two: ``Ordinary Germans'' Testimonies |
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Everyday Life and Knowing Little About Mass Murder |
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141 | (44) |
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Hubert Lutz, Cologne, ``In my ten years in the Hitler Youth, I never heard anybody suggest that you spy on your parents or that you spy on anybody else.'' |
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Marta Hessler, Stettin, ``They came and arrested my brother.'' |
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Rolf Heberer, Freithal, ``For 60 million Germans, that was what the people really wanted.'' |
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Gertrud Sombart, Dresden, ``Most people were, of course, for Hitler.'' |
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Erwin Hammel, Cologne, ``They felt like members of the master race.'' |
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Anna Rudolf, Berlin, ``You, good girl!'' |
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Peter Reinke, Cologne, ``Why should I have been afraid? We just sat there in detention.'' |
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Helga Schmidt, Dresden, ``There was never any particular sympathy for the Jews.'' |
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Werner Hassel, Leobschutz, ``A large number of people really didn't know anything.'' |
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Everyday Life and Hearing About Mass Murder |
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185 | (41) |
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Hiltrud Kuhnel, Frankfurt, ``That was his hobby, measuring skulls.'' |
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Ruth Hildebrand, Berlin, ``The soldiers on leave. . . did a lot of talking.'' |
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Ekkehard Falter, Dresden, ``Rat-a-tat-tat, dead.'' |
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Stefan Reuter, Berlin, ``One heard in communist circles that numbers of Jews were being gassed.'' |
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Ernst Walters, Schwalbach, ``Gassed. They were killed and soap was made from the bones.'' |
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Effie Engel, Dresden, ``[The BBC] also confirmed it, and with rather exact information.'' |
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Winfried Schiller, Beuten, ``Auschwitz was not so very far away from us.'' |
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Witnessing and Participating in Mass Murder |
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226 | (37) |
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Adam Grolsch, Krefeld, ``In two days, 25,000 men, women, and children.'' |
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Hans Ruprecht, Cologne, ``We have to carry out some `cleansing measures' here.'' |
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Albert Emmerich, Eberswalde, ``There are three hundred Jews lying in each grave.'' |
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Walter Sanders, Krefeld, ``I not only told my parents about that, I also told others when I was on leave.'' |
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Part Three: Jewish Survivors' Survey Evidence |
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Everyday Life and Anti-Semitism |
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263 | (22) |
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285 | (18) |
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303 | (22) |
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Part Four: ``Ordinary Germans''' Survey Evidence |
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Everyday Life and Support for National Socialism |
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325 | (21) |
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346 | (15) |
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361 | (26) |
Conclusion: What Did They Know? |
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387 | (12) |
Notes |
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399 | (20) |
Index |
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419 | |